Method and apparatus of using peak force tapping mode to measure physical properties of a sample
An improved mode of AFM imaging (Peak Force Tapping (PFT) Mode) uses force as the feedback variable to reduce tip-sample interaction forces while maintaining scan speeds achievable by all existing AFM operating modes. Sample imaging and mechanical property mapping are achieved with improved resolution and high sample throughput, with the mode being workable across varying environments, including gaseous, fluidic and vacuum. Ease of use is facilitated by eliminating the need for an expert user to monitor imaging.
1. A method of operating a scanning probe microscope (SPM) comprising:
generating relative substantially periodic motion between a probe and a sample;
detecting the motion of the probe;
recovering, from the detected probe motion, a substantially instantaneous force between the probe and the sample as the probe and sample interact;
determining a time zone of interest associated with the recovered substantially instantaneous force;
generating an excitation signal between the probe and the sample; and
synchronously measuring the response of the probe to the excitation signal generating step in the time zone of interest within a period of the interaction between the probe and the sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is a contact time (p 1 -p 2 ).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is one of a) a proximate interaction zone during approach (p 2 -p 4 ), and b) a proximate interaction zone during tip retraction (p 4 -p 5 ).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is gated, and the excitation signal is one of a group including a constant voltage and a synchronously gated voltage, and a signal associated with the detected probe motion is one of group including a current and a resistance in the gated time zone of interest.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is gated, and wherein the excitation signal is one of a constant heat and a synchronously gated heat, and a signal based on the detected probe motion is a temperature of the probe in the gated time zone.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is gated, and wherein the excitation signal is one of a constant microwave and a synchronously gated microwave, and a signal based on the detected motion is an impedance of the probe in the gated time zone.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time zone of interest is gated, and wherein the excitation signal is one of a constant optical excitation and a synchronously gated optical excitation, and a signal based on the detected probe motion is optical spectroscopy generated by the probe in the gated time zone.
8. A method of operating a scanning probe microscope (SPM) comprising:
generating relative substantially periodic motion between a probe and a sample;
detecting the motion of the probe;
recovering, from the detected probe motion, a substantially instantaneous force between the probe and the sample as the probe and sample interact;
determining a time zone of interest associated with the recovered substantially instantaneous force;
generating an excitation signal between the probe and the sample; and
synchronously measuring the response of the probe to the excitation signal generating step in the time zone of interest within a period of interaction between the probe and the sample so as to provide simultaneous measurement of a physical property of the sample, as defined by the generating step, and a mechanical property of the sample.