Multilayer and composition gradient structures with improved damping properties
Composite materials having favorable acoustic and vibration damping properties, while maintaining or improving other composite mechanical properties, include an interleaf layer comprising at least two different nonwoven materials in a specific sequence such that a gradient is formed in the z direction upon curing or an interleaf with a compositional gradient within its structure such that a resin interpenetration gradient is achieved upon curing. Composite materials that contain multilayered nonwoven interleaves are useful, for example, in structures found in aircrafts, such as fuselage skins, stringers and frames. Also contemplated are methods of making the composite material and the structures and aircrafts that contain the composite material.
1. An uncured structural composite material comprising
a plurality of layers of structural fibers;
a thermoset resin component; and
an interlayer positioned between adjacent layers of structural fibers, the interlayer comprising at least two different types of nonwoven fibrous material, each nonwoven fibrous material comprising polymeric fibers,
wherein
the layers of structural fibers are impregnated with the thermoset resin component,
said at least two different types of nonwoven fibrous material comprises a first nonwoven fibrous material located in a core portion of the interlayer and a second nonwoven fibrous material located in outer portions of the interlayer that are on either side of the core portion,
the polymeric fibers of the first and second nonwoven fibrous materials are formed from a polymeric material comprising: (a) at least one thermoplastic elastomer, and (b) at least one thermoplastic polymer or copolymer thereof,
the interlayer comprises a compositional gradient in which the first nonwoven fibrous material in the core portion differs in composition from the second nonwoven fibrous material in the outer portions, and
the second nonwoven fibrous material is more permeable to the thermoset resin component than the first nonwoven fibrous material such that, upon curing, the interlayer comprises a resin interpenetration gradient in which the resin penetration in the outer portions of the interlayer is higher than that in the core portion.
2. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second nonwoven fibrous materials are partially or totally pre-impregnated with the resin component before curing.
3. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the thermoset resin component comprises epoxy resin or bismaleimide.
4. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the structural fibers comprise carbon fibers.
5. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the at least two different types of nonwoven fibrous material are embedded in the thermoset resin component prior to curing.
6. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrenic thermoplastic elastomers, polyolefin based thermoplastic elastomers, and a blend thereof.
7. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 6 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyamides, and polyolefins.
8. The uncured structural composite material as in claim 1 , wherein the interlayer further comprises organic or inorganic fillers.
9. An uncured composite sandwich structural material comprising:
a first skin and a second skin, wherein the first skin and the second skin comprise a plurality of layers of textile impregnated with a thermoset resin;
a structural core between the first skin and the second skin; and
an interleaf between one skin and the structural core, wherein
the interleaf comprises at least two different types of nonwoven fibrous material, each nonwoven fibrous material comprising polymeric fibers,
said at least two different types of nonwoven fibrous material comprises a first nonwoven fibrous material located in a core portion of the interleaf and a second nonwoven fibrous material located in outer portions of the interleaf that are on either side of the core portion,
the polymeric fibers of the first and second nonwoven fibrous materials are formed from a polymeric material comprising: (a) at least one thermoplastic elastomer, and (b) at least one thermoplastic polymer or copolymer thereof, and
the interleaf comprises a compositional gradient in which the first nonwoven fibrous material in the core portion differs in composition from the second nonwoven fibrous material in the outer portions, and
upon curing, the interleaf comprises a resin interpenetration gradient between the nonwoven material in the core and outer portions in the z direction.
10. The uncured composite sandwich structural material of claim 9 , wherein the thermoplastic elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrenic thermoplastic elastomers, polyolefin based thermoplastic elastomers and a blend thereof.
11. The uncured composite sandwich structural material of claim 9 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyamides, and polyolefins.
12. The cured or uncured composite sandwich structural material of claim 9 , wherein the interleaf further comprises organic or inorganic fillers.
13. The cured or uncured composite sandwich structural material of claim 9 , wherein the thermoset resin comprises an epoxy resin or bismaleimide and the textile comprises carbon fibers.