Multi-lobed porous ceramic body and process for making the same
A carrier having at least three lobes, a first end, a second end, a wall between the ends and a non-uniform radius of transition at the intersection of an end and the wall is disclosed. A catalyst comprising the carrier, silver and promoters deposited on the carrier and useful for the epoxidation of olefins is also disclosed. A method for making the carrier, a method for making the catalyst and a process for epoxidation of an olefin with the catalyst are also disclosed.
1. A porous ceramic body, comprising: a first end; a second end; and a wall disposed between and intersecting said ends, said wall comprising at least three lobes and at least three valleys formed in the length of the wall, each valley located between two of said lobes, said lobes rounded at the intersection of said first end and said wall, and said valleys not rounded at the intersection of said first end and said wall.
2. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 further comprising at least one passageway disposed within said wall between said ends.
3. The porous ceramic body of claim 2 wherein said at least one passageway has a non-circular cross-sectional shape.
4. The porous ceramic body of claim 3 wherein said non-circular cross-sectional shape is selected from the group consisting oval, rectangular and polygonal.
5. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 further comprising at least three passageways disposed within said wall between said ends.
6. The porous ceramic body of claim 5 wherein said wall comprises no more than eight lobes.
7. The porous ceramic body of claim 6 comprises an equal number of lobes and passageways.
8. The porous ceramic body of claim 5 comprises at least four lobes and no more than six lobes.
9. The porous ceramic body of claim 6 comprises an unequal number of lobes and passageways.
10. The porous ceramic body of claim 9 comprises an even number of lobes and an odd number of passageways.
11. The porous ceramic body of claim 9 comprises an odd number of lobes and an even number of passageways.
12. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 wherein said lobes are rounded at the intersection of said second end and said wall, and valleys are not rounded at the intersection of said second end and said wall.
13. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 , wherein each lobe has a radius R, the overall diameter of said ceramic body is D, the ratio of D to R is between 1 and 8, the height of said ceramic body is H, and the ratio of H to D is between 0.5 and 3.
14. The porous ceramic body of claim 13 , wherein the diameter D of the porous ceramic body is between 4 and 18 millimeters, the radius R of a lobe is between 1 and 20 millimeters, the ratio of D to R is between 3 and 8 and the height H of the ceramic body is between 4 and 18 millimeters.
15. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 has a surface area between 0.03 m 2 /g to 10 m 2 /g.
16. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 has a median pore diameter of more than 0.5 μm, a pore size distribution wherein at least 80% of the total pore volume is contained in pores with diameters in the range of from 0.1 to 10 μm and at least 80% of the pore volume contained in the pores with diameters in the range of from 0.1 to 10 μm is contained in pores with diameters in the range of from 0.3 to 10 μm.
17. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 comprising a pore size distribution having at least two log differential pore volume distribution peaks in a pore diameter range of 0.01-100 μm and at least one peak of the above peaks is present in a pore diameter range of 0.01-1.0 μm in the pore size distribution measured by mercury intrusion, wherein each peak is a maximum value of the log differential pore volume distribution of 0.2 cm 3 /g or larger.
18. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 has a bimodal pore size distribution, with a first mode of pores which has a mean diameter ranging from about 0.01 μm to about 5 μm, and a second mode of pores which has a mean diameter ranging from about 5 μm to about 30 μm.
19. The porous ceramic body of claim 1 has a pore volume from pores with less than 1 micron in diameter of less than 0.20 ml/g, a pore volume from pores with greater than 5 micron in diameter of less than 0.20 ml/g, and a pore volume from pores between 1 micron in diameter and 5 microns in diameter at least 40 percent of a total pore volume.
20. A catalyst comprising the porous ceramic body of claim 1 , silver and one or more promoters useful for the epoxidation of olefins.
21. The catalyst of claim 20 wherein silver is present in a quantity in the range between 10 and 30 weight percent of the total weight of the catalyst.
22. The catalyst of claim 20 wherein one or more promoter components is selected from the group consisting of rare earth metals, magnesium, rhenium; and alkali metals.
23. The catalyst of claim 22 wherein the quantity of said rhenium promoter is at least 1.25 mmole/kg, relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
24. The catalyst of claim 23 further comprising a rhenium co-promoter selected from the group consisting of sulfur, molybdenum, tungsten and chromium and wherein at least one of said alkali metals is selected from the group consisting of lithium, potassium, rubidium and cesium.