Gas sensor
A gas sensor is described which incorporates a sensor stack comprising a first film layer of a ferromagnetic material, a spacer layer, and a second film layer of the ferromagnetic material. The first film layer is fabricated so that it exhibits a dependence of its magnetic anisotropy direction on the presence of a gas, That is, the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization will flip from out-of-plane to in-plane when the gas to be detected is present in sufficient concentration. By monitoring the change in resistance of the sensor stack when the orientation of the first layer's magnetization changes, and correlating that change with temperature one can determine both the identity and relative concentration of the detected gas. In one embodiment the stack sensor comprises a top ferromagnetic layer two mono layers thick of cobalt deposited upon a spacer layer of ruthenium, which in turn has a second layer of cobalt disposed on its other side, this second cobalt layer in contact with a programmable heater chip.
1. A gas sensor stack including:
a first ferromagnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the first ferromagnetic layer being fixed;
a non-magnetic layer disposed on the first ferromagnetic layer; and
a second ferromagnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer being variable, the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer being out of a plane of the second ferromagnetic layer when no gases are adsorbed over the second ferromagnetic layer.
2. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer at its ground state at ambient temperature and ambient atmosphere is in the plane of the second ferromagnetic layer.
3. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 further including:
an anti-ferromagnetic layer, wherein the first ferromagnetic layer is disposed on the anti-ferromagnetic layer.
4. The gas sensor stack of claim 3 further including:
a heater, wherein the anti-ferromagnetic layer is disposed on the heater.
5. The gas sensor stack of claim 4 further including:
a heater power source coupled to the heater.
6. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 further including:
a resistance measurement circuit connected to the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer and configured to measure a resistance between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer.
7. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the second ferromagnetic layer is comprises cobalt.
8. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the second ferromagnetic layer comprises at least two monolayers of cobalt.
9. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the first ferromagnetic layer is comprises cobalt.
10. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the non-magnetic layer is comprises ruthenium.
11. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 further including:
a capping layer disposed on the second ferromagnetic layer.
12. The gas sensor stack of claim 11 wherein the capping layer comprises one or more monolayers of gold.
13. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the second ferromagnetic layer is selected from a group consisting of cobalt, nickel, and iron.
14. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the non-magnetic layer is selected from a group consisting of platinum, palladium, copper, silver, gold, and a non-magnetic metal.
15. The gas sensor stack of claim 1 wherein the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer is dependent on a thickness of the second ferromagnetic layer.
16. A method including:
(a) providing a gas sensor including:
a first ferromagnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the first ferromagnetic layer being fixed,
a non-magnetic layer disposed on the first ferromagnetic layer, and
a second ferromagnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer being variable;
(b) exposing the gas sensor to an ambient atmosphere;
(c) heating the second ferromagnetic layer of the gas sensor to desorb gases from the second ferromagnetic layer;
(d) cooling the second ferromagnetic layer; and
(e) measuring a resistance between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer during operation (d).
17. The method of claim 16 further including:
repeating operations (c), (d), and (e).
18. The method of claim 16 further including:
after operation (e), determining when the resistance between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer changes.
19. A gas sensor stack including:
a heater;
an anti-ferromagnetic layer disposed on the heater;
a first ferromagnetic layer disposed on the anti-ferromagnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the first ferromagnetic layer being fixed;
a non-magnetic layer disposed on the first ferromagnetic layer; and
a second ferromagnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic layer, an orientation of an easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer being variable, the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer being out of a plane of the second ferromagnetic layer when no gases are adsorbed over the second ferromagnetic layer.