Thermally-resilient, broadband optical absorber from UV-to-IR derived from carbon nanostructures and method of making the same
A monolithic optical absorber and methods of making same. The monolithic optical absorber uses an array of mutually aligned carbon nanotubes that are grown using a PECVD growth process and a structure that includes a conductive substrate, a refractory template layer and a nucleation layer. Monolithic optical absorbers made according to the described structure and method exhibit high absorptivity, high site densities (greater than 10 9 nanotubes/cm 2 ), very low reflectivity (below 1%), and high thermal stability in air (up to at least 400° C.). The PECVD process allows the application of such absorbers in a wide variety of end uses.
1. A monolithic optical absorber, comprising:
a conductive substrate having a surface;
a template layer in contact with said surface of said conductive substrate, said template layer having a template layer surface;
a nucleation layer in contact with said surface of said template layer, said nucleation layer having a nucleation layer surface; and
an optical absorber layer comprising a carbon nanotube array in contact with said nucleation layer surface, said carbon nanotube array having a plurality of mutually aligned nanotubes with a site density of at least 1×10 11 nanotubes/cm 2 .
2. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said conductive substrate is a silicon wafer.
3. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said conductive substrate is a metal.
4. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said template layer comprises a refractory nitride.
5. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said template layer comprises NbTiN.
6. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said nucleation layer comprises Co and Ti.
7. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said monolithic optical absorber has a reflectivity of less than 1%.
8. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said monolithic optical absorber absorbs radiation in the wavelength range of 350 nm to 7000 nm.
9. The monolithic optical absorber of claim 1 , wherein said monolithic optical absorber absorbs radiation in the wavelength range of 350 nm to 200,000 nm.
10. A method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber, comprising the steps of:
providing a conductive substrate having a surface;
depositing on said surface of said conductive substrate a template layer having a template layer surface;
depositing on said surface of said template layer a nucleation layer having a nucleation layer surface; and
using a plasma deposition method, growing an optical absorber layer comprising a plurality of mutually aligned carbon nanotubes with a site density of at least 1×10 11 nanotubes/cm 2 on said surface of said nucleation layer.
11. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said plasma deposition method is a plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method.
12. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said plasma deposition method includes the use of an electric field.
13. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 12 , wherein an orientation of a length of said carbon nanotube array having a plurality of mutually aligned nanotubes relative to said surface of said conductive substrate is controlled by controlling an orientation of said electric field relative to said surface of said conductive substrate during the growing step.
14. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said conductive substrate is a silicon wafer.
15. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said conductive substrate is a metal.
16. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said template layer comprises a refractory nitride.
17. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said template layer comprises NbTiN.
18. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said nucleation layer comprises Co and Ti.
19. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein a thickness of said nucleation layer is adjusted.
20. The method of manufacturing a monolithic optical absorber of claim 10 , wherein said carbon nanotube array having a plurality of mutually aligned nanotubes has a site density in the range of 1×10 11 nanotubes/cm 2 to 1×10 12 nanotubes/cm 2 .