Process for operating a furnace with a bituminous coal and method for reducing slag formation therewith
There is provided a process for operating a coal-fired furnace to generate heat. The process has the steps of a) providing the coal to the furnace and b) combusting the coal in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace. In one embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds and the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated aluminum compounds. There are also provided methods for reducing slag formation in a coal-fired furnace. There are also provided methods for treating coal. There are also treated coals.
1. A process for operating a coal-fired furnace to generate heat, comprising:
a) providing the coal to the furnace; and
b) combusting the coal in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace,
wherein the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds, wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, and wherein the coal exhibits an Si/Al ratio of 2.19 to 2.85; a Fe/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.12 to 0.32; and a Ca/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.04 to 0.09.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds is selected from the group consisting of magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, and combinations thereof.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds is magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated calcium compounds selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate, and calcium acetate.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slag-reducing ingredients are added to the coal at up to about 2000 ppm by weight based upon the weight of the coal as received.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slag-reducing ingredients are present at about 100 to about 1000 ppm by weight based upon the weight of the coal as received.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient ranges from about 95:5 to about 60:40.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient ranges from about 90:10 to about 80:20.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein rate of formation of slag is reduced by a factor of about 10 to about 100 compared to the presence of the first slag-reducing ingredient alone.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slag-reducing ingredients are added to the coal prior to provision of the coal to the furnace.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slag-reducing ingredients are added to the furnace.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient added to the coal ranges from about 60:40 to about 40:60.
13. A method for reducing slag formation in a coal-fired furnace, comprising combusting coal in the furnace in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace, wherein the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds, wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, and wherein the coal exhibits an Si/Al ratio of 2.19 to 2.85; a Fe/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.12 to 0.32; and a Ca/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.04 to 0.09.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient added to the coal ranges from about 60:40 to about 40:60.
15. A method for treating coal, comprising: adding to the coal an amount of a first slag-reducing ingredient and an amount of a second slag-reducing ingredient, wherein the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds, wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, and wherein the coal exhibits an Si/Al ratio of 2.19 to 2.85; a Fe/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.12 to 0.32; and a Ca/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.04 to 0.09.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient added to the coal ranges from about 60:40 to about 40:60.
17. A treated coal, comprising the coal and an amount of an externally introduced first slag-reducing ingredient and an amount of an externally introduced second slag-reducing ingredient, wherein the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds, wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, and wherein the coal exhibits an Si/Al ratio of 2.19 to 2.85; a Fe/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.12 to 0.32; and a Ca/(Si+Al) ratio of 0.04 to 0.09.
18. The treated coal of claim 17 , wherein the ratio of the first slag-reducing ingredient to the second slag-reducing ingredient added to the coal ranges from about 60:40 to about 40:60.