Leaky wave mode solar receiver
A leaky travelling wave array of optical elements provide a solar wavelength rectenna.
1. A solar energy apparatus comprising:
a carrier;
a waveguide, disposed on the carrier, the waveguide having a top surface, a bottom surface, a collection end, and a detection end;
one or more scattering features disposed on the top surface of or within the waveguide, the scattering features extending from the collection end to the detection end, and operating with the waveguide in a leaky propagation mode to receive energy within a solar wavelength region;
wherein the scattering features further comprise one or more metallic structures located on or within the waveguide;
wherein the width of a selected scattering feature decreases monotonically with respective position of the selected scattering feature from the collection end to the detection end; and
a solar detector, disposed adjacent the detection end.
2. A solar energy apparatus comprising:
a carrier;
a waveguide, disposed on the carrier, the waveguide having a top surface, a bottom surface, a collection end, and a detection end;
one or more scattering features disposed on the top surface of or within the waveguide, the scattering features extending from the collection end to the detection end, and operating with the waveguide in a leaky propagation mode to receive energy within a solar wavelength region;
wherein the scattering features further comprise one or more metallic structures located on or within the waveguide;
wherein the scattering features are spaced apart from one another, with the spacing increasing monotonically with respective position along the waveguide from the collection end to the detection end, and the spacing between any two adjacent scattering features is not greater than ½ a wavelength of a lowest detection wavelength;
a solar detector, disposed adjacent the detection end.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the solar detector is a MIM diode.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the solar detector is a photovoltaic.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scattering features are metallic structures disposed on the waveguide, and comprise two or more rods disposed in parallel with one another, and a detector is coupled to at least one end of each rod.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scattering features are metallic structures formed in a top surface of the waveguide.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the scattering features are rectangular or triangular in cross-sectional shape.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scattering features are rectangular or triangular structures extending above the top surface.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the metallic structures are disposed entirely within a sub-surface of the waveguide.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the waveguide is a dielectric of a material selected from the group consisting of Si 3 N 4 , SiO 2 , MgF 2 , and TiO 2 .
11. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein a cladding layer with a lower dielectric constant than the waveguide is disposed adjacent the waveguide.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scattering features loosely couple to waves propagating within the waveguide, causing the waveguide to leak power along a portion of its length.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the waveguide is a two dimensional slab and the metallic structures are arranged in a two dimensional array.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein a correcting wedge shaped layer is disposed above the waveguide, the wedge tapering from a thin section at the collection end to a thick section near the detection end.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the correcting wedge introduces delay to incident energy entering the apparatus, with the delay increasing from the collection end to the detection end.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein a second wedge disposed beneath the waveguide corrects dispersion introduced by the correcting wedge.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein a low dielectric constant width gap is disposed between the correcting wedge and the waveguide.
18. The apparatus of claim 13 when a correcting slab layer is disposed beneath the waveguide.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the metallic structures are dispersed along columns, and metallic structures in a given column are orthogonal to the metallic structures in an adjacent column.