Dendrite-Inhibiting Salts in Electrolytes of Energy Storage Devices
The performance and the lifetime of energy storage devices can be hindered by the growth of metal dendrites during operation. Electrolytes having dendrite-inhibiting additives can result in significant improvement. In particular, energy storage devices having an electrode containing a metallic element, M1 can be characterized by a non-aqueous, liquid electrolyte having a first salt and a dendrite-inhibiting salt. The first salt can have a cation of M1 and the dendrite-inhibiting salt can have a cation of metallic element, M2, wherein the cation of M2 has an ionic size greater than, or equal to, the cation of M1.
1 . An energy storage device having an electrode comprising a metallic element, M1, the device characterized by a non-aqueous, liquid electrolyte comprising a first salt and a dendrite-inhibiting salt, the first salt comprising a cation of M1 and the dendrite-inhibiting salt comprising a cation of metallic element, M2, wherein the cation of M2 has an ionic size greater than, or equal to, the cation of M1.
2 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein a difference between electrochemical reduction potentials of the cation of M2 and the cation of M1 is between zero and 2 volts, inclusive.
3 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein M1 is Li.
4 . The energy storage device of claim 3 , wherein M2 is K.
5 . The energy storage device of claim 4 , wherein the dendrite-inhibiting salt has an anion that is not an imide or a perfluoroalkylsulfate.
6 . The energy storage device of claim 3 , wherein M2 is Rb.
7 . The energy storage device of claim 3 , wherein M2 is Cs.
8 . The energy storage device of claim 3 , wherein the dendrite-inhibiting salt comprises an anion comprising PF 6 − .
9 . The energy storage device of claim 3 , wherein the first salt comprises LiPF 6 .
10 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the dendrite-inhibiting salt has a concentration less than 2 M in the electrolyte.
11 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the dendrite-inhibiting salt has a concentration less than 0.5 M in the electrolyte.
12 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the liquid electrolyte is a gel.
13 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a solution.
14 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein M1 is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al, Cu, Si, Fe, and In.
15 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the electrode, the SEI layer comprising an alloy of M1 and M2.
16 . The energy storage device of claim 15 , wherein the alloy comprises a co-precipitate of the cations of M1 and M2.
17 . An energy storage device having an anode comprising lithium metal, the device characterized by a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution comprising a dendrite-inhibiting salt and a soluble lithium salt, the dendrite-inhibiting salt being at least partially soluble in the liquid electrolyte solution and comprising a cation of a metallic element selected from the group consisting of K, Rb, and Cs, wherein the dendrite-inhibiting salt has a concentration less than 0.5 M in the liquid electrolyte solution.
18 . The energy storage device of claim 17 , further comprising a SEI layer on the anode comprising an alloy of lithium and the metallic element.
19 . A method of inhibiting dendrite formation on an electrode comprising a metallic element, M1, the method characterized by the steps of distributing a dendrite-inhibiting salt in an electrolyte that is in contact with the electrode, the electrolyte comprises a first salt comprising a cation of M1 and the dendrite-inhibiting salt comprising a cation of metallic element, M2, wherein the cation of M2 has an ionic size greater than, or equal to, the cation of M1.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous liquid.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the liquid is a gel.
22 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the liquid is a solution and the dendrite-inhibiting salt is at least partially soluble in the solution.
23 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the difference between the electrochemical reduction potential of cation of M2 and cation M1 is less than 2 V and larger or equal to zero.
24 . The method of claim 19 , further comprising co-precipitating the cations of M1 and M2 onto the electrode, thereby forming a solid-electrolyte interphase layer comprising an alloy of M1 and M2.