Electrospray and nanospray ionization of discrete samples in droplet format
Droplets or plugs within multiphase microfluidic systems have rapidly gained interest as a way to manipulate samples and chemical reactions on the femtoliter to microliter scale. Chemical analysis of the plugs remains a challenge. It has been discovered that nanoliter plugs of sample separated by air or oil can be analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry when pumped directly into a fused silica nanospray emitter nozzle. Using leu-enkephalin in methanol and 1% acetic acid in water (50:50 v:v) as a model sample, we found carry-over between plugs was <0.1% and relative standard deviation of signal for a series of plugs was 3%. Detection limits were 1 nM. Sample analysis rates of 0.8 Hz were achieved by pumping 13 nL samples separated by 3 mm long air gaps in a 75 μm inner diameter tube. Analysis rates were limited by the scan time of the ion trap mass spectrometer. The system provides a robust, rapid, and information-rich method for chemical analysis of sample in segmented flow systems.
1. A system for electrospray ionization of discrete samples, the system comprising:
an electrospray ionization emitter nozzle;
a one-dimensional segmented sample array directly coupled to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle, the array comprising a plurality of sample plugs including a first medium, the sample plugs separated by spacer plugs including a second medium;
a pumping means operable to advance the array to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle; and
a power supply electrically coupled to a sample plug within or proximate to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle and electrically coupled to a spray receiver.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein each sample plug comprises a volume of about 1 nL to about 50 nL.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one-dimensional segmented sample array is within a tube or within a channel of a microfabricated fluidic device.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the tube has an inner diameter from about 75 micrometers to about 150 micrometers.
5. A method of operating a system according to claim 3 , comprising pre-filling the tube or channel with the second medium followed by filling the tube or channel with the one-dimensional segmented sample array.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first medium and second medium are immiscible or wherein the first medium comprises a liquid and the second medium comprises a gas.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one-dimensional segmented sample array further comprises gas plugs comprising a third medium, wherein the first medium and second medium comprise immiscible liquids and the third medium comprises a gas.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the one-dimensional segmented sample array comprises repeating units of a sample plug followed by a spacer plug followed by a gas plug.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the one-dimensional segmented sample array comprises gas plugs separating the sample plugs and spacer plugs.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one-dimensional segmented sample array further comprises wash plugs.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein a sample plug is located between the wash plug and the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the spray receiver further comprises a mass spectrometer.
13. A method of operating a system according to claim 12 , comprising analyzing an electrosprayed droplet using the mass spectrometer, wherein the electrosprayed droplet is formed by using the pump to advance the one-dimensional segmented sample array through the electrospray ionization emitter.
14. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a means for removing a droplet formed at the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the means for removing a droplet formed at the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle comprises a coaxial or parallel lumen operable to siphon the droplet from the nozzle or a capillary wicking structure operable to draw the droplet away from the nozzle.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first medium comprises an aqueous medium and the second medium comprises a hydrophobic medium having a viscosity greater than about 3.5 mPa·s.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first medium comprises an aqueous medium and the second medium comprises a hydrophobic medium and the electrospray voltage is set to electrospray the first medium and to not electrospray the second medium.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sample plugs comprise liquid chromatography fractions, a chemical library, or a series of reaction mixtures.
19. A method of operating a system according to claim 18 , comprising collecting at least a portion of the liquid chromatography fractions at a first rate to form the one-dimensional segmented sample array and advancing the one-dimensional segmented sample array to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle at a second rate, wherein the first rate and the second rate are different.
20. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a dialysis membrane positioned between the one-dimensional segmented sample array and the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
21. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a chromatography column positioned between the one-dimensional segmented sample array and the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
22. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a fluidic junction coupled to the one-dimensional segmented sample array, wherein a portion of the one-dimensional segmented sample array is positioned between the fluidic junction and the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
23. A method of operating a system according to claim 22 , wherein a fourth medium is added to a sample plug via the fluidic junction.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the fourth medium comprises an enzyme.
25. A method of operating a system according to claim 22 , wherein a liquid or gas is introduced into the one-dimensional segmented sample array via the fluidic junction.
26. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pumping means is provided by a syringe pump, reciprocating piston pump, peristaltic pump, gas-pressure pump, electroosmosis, or gravity.
27. A method of operating a system according to claim 1 , comprising advancing the one-dimensional segmented sample array to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle with the pump and electrospraying a sample plug.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the advancing is performed at a rate of about 20 nL/min to about 20 μL/min.
29. A method of operating a system according to claim 1 , comprising forming the one-dimensional segmented sample array off-line followed by directly coupling the array to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein at least one hour passes between forming the one-dimensional segmented sample array off-line and directly coupling the array to the electrospray ionization emitter nozzle.
31. A method of operating a system according to claim 1 , wherein the first medium comprises an aqueous medium and the second medium comprises a hydrophobic medium, the method comprising adjusting the electrospray voltage to electrospray the first medium and to not electrospray the second medium.