Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus
An electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause charging lines even where it is an electrophotographic photosensitive member employing as a conductive layer a layer containing metal oxide particles is disclosed. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive layer which contains titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten.
1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:
a support;
a conductive layer formed on the support; and
a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive layer,
wherein the conductive layer contains a binding material, and titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with tungsten, and
wherein a dielectric loss tan δ of the electrophotographic photosensitive member at a frequency of 1.0×10 3 Hz is from 5×10 −3 or more to 2×10 −2 or less.
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer has a volume resistivity of from 5.0×10 8 Ω·cm or more to 1.0×10 13 Ω·cm or less.
3. A process cartridge which integrally supports the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means, a transfer means and a cleaning means, and is detachably mountable to the main body of an electrophotographic apparatus.
4. An electrophotographic apparatus which comprises the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , and a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means and a transfer means.
5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the dielectric loss tan δ of from 5×10 −3 or more to 2×10 −2 or less is conducted by the conductive layer.