Recombinant influenza viruses and uses thereof
Modified influenza virus NS gene segments and nucleic acid sequences encoding such modified influenza virus NS gene segments are described. In certain embodiments, a modified influenza virus NS gene segment comprises an influenza virus NS 1 open reading frame (ORF) lacking a stop codon, a heterologous nucleotide sequence, a 2A autoproteolytic cleavage site or another cleavage site, an NEP ORF, wherein the gene segment has one or more mutations in either the splice acceptor site, splice donor site, or both the splice acceptor and splice donor sites that prevents splicing of mRNA. Also recombinant influenza viruses comprising a modified influenza virus NS gene segment and the use of such viruses are described. The recombinant influenza viruses may be used in the prevention and/or treatment of influenza virus disease or as a delivery vector.
1. A pathogenic recombinant influenza virus comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a modified influenza virus nonstructural (NS) gene segment or the complement thereof, wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment comprises in 3′ to 5′ order:
(a) (i) an influenza virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) open reading frame (ORF) lacking a stop codon, (ii) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a detectable substance, (iii) a cleavage site, and (iv) an influenza virus nuclear export protein (NEP) ORF, wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment has one or more mutations in either the splice acceptor site, the splice donor site, or both the splice acceptor and splice donor sites that prevents splicing of mRNA, and wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment encodes (1) a fusion protein comprising NS1 and the detectable substance and (2) a protein comprising NEP; or
(b) (i) an influenza virus NS1 ORF lacking a stop codon, (ii) a linker, (iii) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a detectable substance, (iv) a cleavage site, and (v) an influenza virus NEP ORF, wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment has one or more mutations in either the splice acceptor site, the splice donor site, or both the splice acceptor and splice donor sites that prevents splicing of mRNA, and wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment encodes (1) a fusion protein comprising NS1, the amino acids encoded by the linker, and the detectable substance, and (2) a protein comprising NEP.
2. A recombinant pathogenic influenza virus comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a modified influenza virus NS gene segment or the complement thereof, wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment comprises in 3′ to 5′ order: (i) an influenza virus NS1 open reading frame (ORF) lacking a stop codon, (ii) a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a detectable substance, (iii) a cleavage site, and (iv) an influenza virus NEP ORF, wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment has more than one mutation in the splice acceptor site that prevents splicing of mRNA, and wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment encodes (1) a fusion protein comprising NS1 and the detectable substance and (2) a protein comprising NEP.
3. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the modified influenza virus comprises an influenza virus NS1 ORF lacking a stop codon, a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a detectable substance, a cleavage site, and an influenza virus NEP ORF.
4. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 3 , wherein the modified influenza virus NS gene segment further comprises a linker between the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a detectable substance and the cleavage site.
5. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the cleavage site is a 2A cleavage site.
6. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 5 , wherein the 2A cleavage site is ATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPG P (SEQ ID NO: 20).
7. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 2 , wherein the cleavage site is a 2A cleavage site.
8. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 7 , wherein the 2A cleavage site is ATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPG P (SEQ ID NO: 20).
9. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the detectable substance is horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, acetylcholinesterase, a prosthetic group, strepavidin/biotin, avidin/biotin, luciferase, luciferin, green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, and aequorin.
10. The recombinant influenza virus of claim 2 , wherein the detectable substance is horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, acetylcholinesterase, a prosthetic group, strepavidin/biotin, avidin/biotin, luciferase, luciferin, green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, and aequorin.
11. A DNA encoding the modified NS gene segment of the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 .
12. A DNA encoding the modified NS gene segment of the recombinant influenza virus of claim 2 .
13. A substrate comprising the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises isolated host cells or eggs, wherein the eggs are chicken or poultry eggs.
14. A substrate comprising the recombinant influenza virus of claim 2 , wherein the substrate comprises isolated host cells or eggs, wherein the eggs are chicken or poultry eggs.
15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 .
16. An immunogenic composition comprising the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 .
17. A method for eliciting antibodies against an influenza virus or a heterologous antigen, comprising administering to a non-human subject the immunogenic composition of claim 16 .
18. A method for generating a recombinant influenza virus, wherein the method comprises introducing into a host cell the DNA of claim 11 , wherein the host cell expresses all other components for generation of the influenza virus; and purifying the influenza virus from the supernatant of the host cell.
19. A method for propagating a recombinant influenza virus, wherein the method comprises infecting a substrate with the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 and purifying the virus subsequently from the substrate.
20. A screening assay to identify a compound that modulates the replication of an influenza virus, comprising:
(a) (i) contacting a compound with a host cell infected with the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant influenza virus expresses the detectable substance, and (ii) measuring the expression or activity of a product encoded by the detectable substance;
(b) (i) infecting a host cell with the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 in the presence of a compound, wherein the recombinant influenza virus expresses the detectable substance, and (ii) measuring the expression or activity of a product encoded by the detectable substance; or
(c) (i) contacting a compound with a host cell, (ii) infecting the host cell with the recombinant influenza virus of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant influenza virus expresses the detectable substance, and (iii) measuring the expression or activity of a product encoded by the detectable substance,
wherein a compound that increases the replication of influenza virus is identified if the level of expression or activity of the product is increased in the host cell contacted with the compound relative to the level of expression or activity of the product in a host cell contacted with a negative control; and wherein a compound that decreases the replication of influenza virus is identified if the level of expression or activity of the product is decreased in the host cell contacted with the compound relative to the level of expression or activity of the product in a host cell contacted with a negative control.