Graphene-encapsulated nanoparticle-based biosensor for the selective detection of biomarkers
A field effect transistor (FET) with a source electrode and a drain electrode distanced apart from each other on a semi-conductor substrate, and a gate electrode consisting of a uniform layer of reduced graphene oxide encapsulated semiconductor nanoparticles (rGO-NPs), wherein the gate electrode is disposed between and contacts both the source and drain electrodes. Methods of making and assay methods using the FETs are also disclosed, including methods in which the rGO-NPs are functionalized with binding partners for biomarkers.
1. A field effect transistor (FET) comprising a source electrode and a drain electrode distanced apart from each other on a semi-conductor substrate, and a gate electrode consisting of a uniform layer of reduced graphene oxide encapsulated semiconductor nanoparticles (rGO-NPs), wherein said gate electrode is disposed between and contacts both the source and drain electrodes.
2. The FET of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanoparticles comprise silicon oxide nanoparticles.
3. The FET of claim 1 , wherein the rGO-NPs are functionalized with a binding partner for a biomarker.
4. The FET of claim 3 , wherein the binding partner for a biomarker is bonded to the rGO-NPs by a linker molecule having the structure:
X—Y—Z
wherein X is a polyaromatic ring structure that bonds non-covalently with the GO-NPs; Y is a spacer moiety selected from the group consisting of alkylene and poly(alkylene oxide) groups containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and Z is an omega-functional group capable of reacting with, or being activated to react with, and covalently bonding to an amine.
5. The FET of claim 4 , wherein said polyaromatic ring structure comprises a structure found in a polyaromatic hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzopyrene, coronene and triphenylene.
6. The FET of claim 4 , wherein the spacer moiety, Y, is selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups containing from three to six carbon atoms.
7. The FET of claim 4 , wherein the omega functional group, Z, is an aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid group.
8. The FET of claim 3 , wherein the binding partner is selected from the group consisting of antigens, antibodies and antibody fragments.
9. The FET of claim 8 , wherein the binding partner is a monoclonal antibody.
10. The FET of claim 9 , wherein the monoclonal antibody is a monoclonal antibody against a neuronal or cancer biomarker.
11. The FET of claim 10 , wherein the cancer biomarker is Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) or Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR).
12. The FET of claim 10 , wherein the neuronal biomarker is TuJ1 or MAP2.
13. A method of manufacturing a field effect transistor (FET), the method comprising:
layering a pair of conductive metal electrodes on a semi-conductor substrate;
layering a patterned photoresist on the substrate and electrodes to define an exposed area for formation of a gate electrode;
functionalizing the semiconductor and metal electrode surfaces on the exposed area with a self assembled monolayer (SAM) of positively charged amines; and
centrifuging the functionalized substrate in a solution comprising graphene oxide-encapsulated semiconductor nano-particles (GO-NPs) to form a graphene gate electrode on the SAM that is a substantially uniform layer of GO-NPs disposed between and contacting both electrodes.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising the steps of removing the patterned photoresist and reducing the graphene oxide of the GO-NPs to form rGO-NPs vapor.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising the steps of functionalizing the rGO-NP with a linker molecule having the structure:
X—Y—Z
wherein X is a polyaromatic ring structure that bonds non-covalently with the GO-NPs; Y is a spacer moiety selected from the group consisting of alkylene and poly(alkylene oxide) groups containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and Z is an omega-functional group capable of reacting with, or being activated to react with, and covalently bonding to an amine; and
covalently bonding the omega functional group of the linker molecule to the amine groups of a binding partner for a biomarker.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said binding partner is selected from the group consisting of antigens, antibodies and antibody fragments.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the binding partner is a monoclonal antibody against a cancer biomarker selected from Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) or a neuronal biomarker selected from TuJ1 and MAP2.
18. A method of detecting a biomarker is a sample, comprising:
introducing a sample to a surface of a gate electrode of a field effect transistor (FET) biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein said gate electrode has bonded thereto a binding partner for said biomarker; and
measuring a current in a channel region between a source electrode and a drain electrode of the FET biosensor before and after introducing said sample;
wherein a reduction in said current is indicative of the presence of said biomarker in said sample.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein said binding partner is selected from the group consisting of antigens, antibodies and antibody fragments.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the binding partner is a monoclonal antibody against a cancer biomarker selected from Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) or a neuronal biomarker selected from TuJ1 and MAP2.