Gradual oxidation with flue gas
Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.
1. A method for oxidizing fuel comprising:
determining an oxygen content level within a reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet and configured to gradually oxidize a fuel, in a gas mixture, without a catalyst;
outputting instructions to introduce flue gas, received from the outlet of the reaction chamber and containing product gases from oxidation of the fuel within the reaction chamber, into the reaction chamber based on the determined oxygen content level;
calculating an adiabatic temperature of the gas mixture;
determining when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to a flameout temperature of the gas mixture;
when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to the flameout temperature, regulating an introduction of the flue gas such that an internal temperature within the reaction chamber does not exceed the flameout temperature; and
when the adiabatic temperature is below the flameout temperature, regulating the introduction of the flue gas such that the internal temperature within the reaction chamber exceeds an autoignition temperature within the reaction chamber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein introducing the flue gas comprises mixing the flue gas with the gas mixture.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising outputting instructions to reduce the internal temperature by providing a cool fluid into a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and heating the cool fluid to produce a heated fluid.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein outputting instructions to reduce the internal temperature further comprises outputting instructions to control the flow rate of the cool fluid, the flow rate of the heated fluid, or the temperature of at least one of the cool fluid and the heated fluid.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the instructions to reduce the internal temperature comprise removing heat from the reaction chamber.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outputting instructions is configured to change the flameout temperature of the fuel within the reaction chamber.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an inlet temperature of the gas mixture at the reaction chamber inlet.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising increasing a temperature of the gas mixture at the inlet when the inlet temperature approaches an autoignition temperature of the fuel, such that the inlet temperature is maintained above the autoignition temperature.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein increasing the temperature comprises mixing the flue gas with the gas mixture at or near the reaction chamber inlet.
10. A method for oxidizing fuel comprising:
determining at least one of (i) an oxygen content level within the reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet and configured to gradually oxidize a fuel, in a gas mixture, without a catalyst and (ii) an inlet temperature of the gas mixture at the reaction chamber inlet;
based on at least one of (i) the determined oxygen content level and (ii) the inlet temperature, introducing flue gas, received from the outlet of the reaction chamber and containing heated product gases from oxidation of the fuel within the reaction chamber, into the reaction chamber when at least one of (a) the determined oxygen content level is approaching or beyond a predetermined threshold and (b) the inlet temperature is (i) higher than and approaching or (ii) below an autoignition temperature of the fuel;
calculating an adiabatic temperature of the gas mixture;
determining when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to a flameout temperature of the gas mixture;
when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to the flameout temperature, regulating an introduction of the flue gas such that an internal temperature within the reaction chamber does not exceed the flameout temperature; and
when the adiabatic temperature is below the flameout temperature, regulating the introduction of the flue gas such that the internal temperature within the reaction chamber exceeds an autoignition temperature within the reaction chamber.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein introducing the flue gas comprises mixing the flue gas with the gas mixture.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising reducing the internal temperature by providing a cool fluid into a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and heating the cool fluid to produce a heated fluid.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein reducing the internal temperature further comprises controlling the flow rate of the cool fluid, controlling the flow rate of the heated fluid, or controlling the temperature of at least one of the cool fluid and the heated fluid.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein reducing the internal temperature comprises removing heat from the reaction chamber.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising increasing the flameout temperature within the reaction chamber by reducing the oxygen content within the reaction chamber.
16. A method for oxidizing fuel comprising:
determining, with a processor, an oxygen content level within the reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet and configured to gradually oxidize a fuel, in a gas mixture, without a catalyst; and
based on the determined oxygen content level, introducing flue gas, received from the outlet of the reaction chamber and containing heated product gases from oxidation of the fuel within the reaction chamber, into the reaction chamber;
calculating an adiabatic temperature of the gas mixture;
determining when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to a flameout temperature of the gas mixture;
when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to the flameout temperature, regulating an introduction of the flue gas such that an internal temperature within the reaction chamber is reduced; and
when the adiabatic temperature is below the flameout temperature, regulating the introduction of the flue gas such that the internal temperature within the reaction chamber exceeds an autoignition temperature within the reaction chamber.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein introducing the flue gas comprises mixing the flue gas with the gas mixture.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the flue gas is mixed with the gas mixture at or near the reaction chamber inlet.
19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising reducing the internal temperature by providing a cool fluid into a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the reaction chamber and heating the cool fluid to produce a heated fluid.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein reducing the internal temperature further comprises controlling the flow rate of the cool fluid, controlling the flow rate of the heated fluid, or controlling the temperature of at least one of the cool fluid and the heated fluid.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein reducing the internal temperature comprises removing heat from the reaction chamber.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising changing the flameout temperature within the reaction chamber by changing the oxygen content within the reaction chamber.
23. A method for oxidizing fuel, comprising:
in a first reaction chamber, with an inlet and an outlet, that is configured to maintain a gradual oxidation process without a catalyst, determining when an inlet temperature of a gas mixture, comprising an oxidizable fuel, at the reaction chamber inlet drops below an autoignition temperature of the fuel; and
when the inlet temperature is determined to drop below the autoignition temperature of the fuel, increasing the inlet temperature of the gas mixture by introducing flue gas, comprising at least partially oxidized product gas from the reaction chamber, into the gas mixture at or near the inlet;
calculating an adiabatic temperature of the gas mixture;
determining when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to a flameout temperature of the gas mixture;
when the adiabatic temperature exceeds or is equal to the flameout temperature, regulating an introduction of the flue gas such that an internal temperature within the reaction chamber is reduced; and
when the adiabatic temperature is below the flameout temperature, regulating the introduction of the flue gas such that the internal temperature within the reaction chamber exceeds an autoignition temperature within the reaction chamber.