Membranes having aligned 1-D nanoparticles in a matrix layer for improved fluid separation
Membranes for fluid separation are disclosed. These membranes have a matrix layer sandwiched between an active layer and a porous support layer. The matrix layer includes 1-D nanoparticles that are vertically aligned in a porous polymer matrix, and which substantially extend through the matrix layer. The active layer provides species-specific transport, while the support layer provides mechanical support. A matrix layer of this type has favorable surface morphology for forming the active layer. Furthermore, the pores that form in the matrix layer tend to be smaller and more evenly distributed as a result of the presence of aligned 1-D nanoparticles. Improved performance of separation membranes of this type is attributed to these effects.
1. A permeable membrane comprising:
a porous support; and
a matrix disposed on the porous support, the matrix comprising:
a porous polymer; and
a plurality of 1-D nanoparticles disposed throughout the porous polymer, wherein the 1-D nanoparticles are substantially vertically aligned, and wherein the 1-D nanoparticles substantially extend through the matrix.
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the 1-D nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of: open-ended carbon nanotubes, close-ended carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
3. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the matrix is from about 100 nm to about 100 μm.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , further comprising a woven or non-woven fabric or mesh disposed in the porous support.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , further comprising one or more anti-fouling materials disposed on the another polymer, the porous support, or both.
6. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the porous support layer includes a porous roof layer on the 1-D nanoparticles.
7. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the 1-D nanoparticles are coated with a conformal polymer.
8. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane further comprises:
another polymer disposed on the matrix, wherein the another polymer and the porous polymer have different compositions; and
wherein the another polymer provides species-specific fluid transport.
9. The membrane of claim 8 , wherein a thickness of the another polymer is from about 0.3 nm to about 500 nm.
10. The membrane of claim 8 , wherein the another polymer is a gas-selective polymer.
11. The membrane of claim 8 , wherein the another polymer is configured for solvent-solute separation.
12. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein pores in the porous polymer are configured to allow transport through the membrane.
13. A method of making a permeable membrane, the method comprising:
forming vertically aligned 1-D nanoparticles on a substrate;
infiltrating a matrix precursor between the 1-D nanoparticles; and
forming a porous polymer matrix from the matrix precursor to provide a matrix comprising the porous polymer matrix and the vertically aligned 1-D nanoparticles, wherein the 1-D nanoparticles substantially extend through the matrix.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the 1-D nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of: open-ended carbon nanotubes, close-ended carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
depositing a porous roof on the 1-D nanoparticles after said forming vertically aligned 1-D nanoparticles and prior to said infiltrating a matrix precursor, wherein the substrate and roof are vertically separated.
16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
depositing a conformal polymer on the 1-D nanoparticles after said forming vertically aligned 1-D nanoparticles and prior to said infiltrating a matrix precursor.
17. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
forming a porous support on the matrix;
separating the matrix from the substrate; and
forming a barrier on an exposed surface of the matrix, wherein the barrier is configured to provide species-specific fluid transport.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein said forming a barrier comprises using interfacial polymerization.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the infiltrating a matrix precursor results in formation of an excess material on the 1-D nanoparticles, and wherein the excess material is reduced to a predetermined thickness prior to said forming a porous support.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the porous polymer matrix and the porous support are formed using a single phase inversion process.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the porous polymer matrix and the porous support are formed by distinct phase inversion processes.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein said forming a porous polymer matrix comprises using phase inversion to form the porous polymer matrix.
23. The method of claim 13 , wherein said forming a porous polymer matrix comprises forming a porous polymer matrix having pores configured to transport species through the membrane.