Microwave plasma torch generating laminar flow for materials processing
A microwave plasma torch providing two laminar flows is described. Two laminar flows are created using a set of at least three concentric, staggered dielectric tubes connected to a pressurized gas source. An inner laminar flow entrains injected particles entering the plasma. An outer laminar flow creates a sheath around the plasma and prevents it from attaching to the walls of the plasma torch. The entry point of the gas source is designed to ensure laminar flow for both the entrainment of the particles and for the shielding of the plasma plume. The uniform processing conditions results in uniform particles and a homogenous materials distribution. This enables a final product with improved thermal properties, improved corrosion and wear resistance and a higher tolerance to interface stresses. The microwave plasma torch can be used for producing nanomaterial powder and for spray coating materials onto various substrates.
1. A microwave plasma torch comprising:
a microwave radiation source for generating microwave radiation;
a set of concentric progressively smaller tubes comprising an outer tube, a middle tube, and an inner tube;
each of said tubes being manufactured of a dielectric material and each having an inlet end and an outlet end, each of said inlet ends facing in a first direction and each of said outlet ends facing in a diametrically opposite direction, wherein the outlet end of the middle tube extends beyond the outlet end of the inner tube and outlet end of the outer tube extends beyond the outlet end of the middle tube;
a first injection port for injecting gas between the outer tube and the middle tube;
a second injection port for injecting materials between the middle tube and the inner tube; and
a waveguide positioned entirely downstream of the outlet end of the middle tube, the waveguide dimensioned and configured to guide microwave radiation between the microwave radiation source and an axial section of the outer tube between the outlet end of the middle tube and the outlet end of the outer tube.
2. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material is comprised of fused quartz.
3. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein said three tubes are fused together proximate to said inlet ends thereof.
4. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein said inner tube is tapered toward a tube center axis at said outlet end at an angle relative to the tube center axis and the angle of taper being greater than 0 degrees and less than or equal to 45 degrees.
5. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein said outlet end of said middle tube extends beyond said outlet end of said inner tube by at least 2.54 cm.
6. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein the maximum outer diameter of said outer tube is no more than 3 cm when used with microwave radiation of frequency 2.45 GHz.
7. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein the maximum outer diameter of said outer tube is no more than 9 cm when used with microwave radiation of frequency 915 MHz.
8. The plasma torch of claim 1 further including an apparatus for injecting solid, liquid, or gas phase materials into said inlet end of said inner tube along the axis thereof toward said outlet end thereof.
9. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein said second injection port is dimensioned and configured for accommodation of a material selected from the group consisting of solid, liquid and gas.
10. The plasma torch of claim 1 wherein said injection port comprising:
a substantially spherical or ellipsoidal bubble fused immediately above said inlet of said middle tube or said outer tube;
an inlet tube which is fused to said bubble; and
said bubble and said inlet tube are made of the same material as said concentric tubes.
11. The plasma torch of claim 10 wherein the axis of said inlet tube is at an angle relative to a plane that is perpendicular to the central axis of said concentric tubes.
12. The plasma torch of claim 11 wherein said angle is between 0.5 degrees and 45 degrees.
13. The plasma torch of claim 1 further comprising a third injection port for injecting materials into the inner tube.