Enhanced surface sampler and process for collection and release of analytes
An enhanced swipe sampler and method of making are described. The swipe sampler is made of a fabric containing selected glass, metal oxide, and/or oxide-coated glass or metal fibers. Fibers are modified with silane ligands that are directly attached to the surface of the fibers to functionalize the sampling surface of the fabric. The swipe sampler collects various target analytes including explosives and other threat agents on the surface of the sampler.
1. A sampling device, comprising:
a fabric of a selected thickness comprising selected glass and/or metal oxide and/or oxide-coated glass or metal fibers therein with selected silane ligands directly attached to the surface thereof defining a functionalized surface on said fabric, said fabric with said functionalized surface collects and retains an analyte(s) thereon upon contact with same.
2. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the glass fibers include pure silica, an E-glass, an S-glass, a non-metal oxide, or a combination thereof.
3. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are metal fibers that include or are composed of a metal oxide, an oxide-coated metal, a metal coated with a metal oxide of the same or different kind, or a combination thereof.
4. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are glass fibers that include a metal oxide, an oxide coated metal, a metal coated with a metal oxide of the same or different kind, a non-metal oxide, or a combination thereof.
5. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the silane ligands are selected from silanes, alkoxysilanes, silanols, or a combination thereof.
6. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the silane ligands include a terminal group attached thereto that provides an affinity for said analyte(s) greater than the affinity provided absent the terminal group.
7. The sampling swipe of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the fabric is selected between about 0.01 mm and about 0.2 mm; or about 0.05 to about 0.15; or about 0.01 mm to about 0.10 mm.
8. A method of making, comprising the steps of:
silanizing a fabric of a selected thickness comprising selected glass and/or metal oxide and/or oxide-coated metal fibers therein by directly attaching silane ligands of at least one type to surfaces of said fibers forming a functionalized sampling surface on said fabric with an affinity to collect an analyte(s) thereon upon contact with same and an ability to release same at a selected release condition therefrom that is greater than a cellulosic material.
9. The method of claim 8 , further including chemically attaching a terminal group to the at least one silane ligand silane ligands attached to said surface of said fibers to provide an affinity for collection of said analyte(s) greater than the affinity provided absent the terminal group.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the silanizing includes silane ligands selected from silanes, alkoxysilanes, silanols, or combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the silanizing includes covalently attaching silane ligands having a selected terminal group chemically attached thereto.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the silanizing is performed one or more times with the same or different silane ligands.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the silanizing includes refluxing the fabric in a solution containing at least one organic solvent and at least one silane ligand.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the refluxing includes a time up to about 18 hours or greater and a temperature of at least about 180° C.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the thickness of the fabric is selected between about 0.01 mm and about 0.2 mm; or about 0.05 to about 0.15; or about 0.01 mm to about 0.10 mm.
16. The method of claim 8 , further including stabilizing the fabric to prepare the fabric for collection of the analyte(s).
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the stabilizing includes heating the fabric at a temperature of at least about 180° C. under vacuum for a time up to about 18 hours or greater.
18. The method of claim 8 , further including pretreating fibers of the fabric prior to silanizing to increase the density of silanols on the surface of the fibers that are reactive with the silane ligands.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the pretreating includes a method selected from the group consisting of: calcining, refluxing in a solvent(s), contacting with alkaline solution, contacting with acid solution, heating, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the contacting includes a concentration of base or acid up to about 10M and a time up to about 4 hours.
21. The method of claim 8 , further including post-treating the fabric after silanizing with a selected solvent(s) to remove unbound silane ligands or impurities therefrom.
22. A method of use, comprising the steps:
collecting an analyte(s) on a sampler comprising a fabric composed of selected glass, and/or metal oxide and/or oxide-coated metal fibers therein with silane ligand(s) comprising terminal group(s) directly attached to the surfaces of said fibers defining a sampling surface on said sampler; and
releasing the analyte(s) from the sampling surface of the sampler for detection of the analyte(s).
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the collecting includes contacting a surface containing an analyte to collect the analyte(s) on the sampling surface of the sampler.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the contacting includes a collection temperature up to about 100° C.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the releasing includes thermally desorbing the analyte(s) at a temperature between about 100° C. and about 500° C.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the releasing includes releasing a concentration of the analyte(s) equal to or greater than the concentration released from a muslin-containing material of equal thickness.
27. The method of claim 22 , wherein the releasing includes detecting the analyte(s) in a detection instrument, with a signal intensity of the analyte(s) at least equal to or greater than the signal intensity of the analyte(s) obtained from a muslin or cotton-containing material at an equivalent analyte(s) mass.
28. The method of claim 22 , wherein the releasing includes releasing the analyte(s) from the sampling surface of the sampler in a solvent or a mixture of solvents and detecting the analyte(s) in a detection instrument.
29. The method of claim 22 , wherein the releasing includes cleaning the sampling surface of the sampler to prepare the sampler for re-use or collection of another analyte(s) from a selected surface.