Rechargeable alkaline metal and alkaline earth electrodes having controlled dendritic growth and methods for making and using the same

1. A battery cell comprising:

an electrically-insulating barrier having an anode-facing side and a cathode-facing side; and

functionalized nanocarbon particles adhered to the anode-facing side of the electrically-insulating barrier;

wherein the functionalized nanocarbon particles are electrically-conductive; and

wherein the functionalized nanocarbon particles are functionalized with ionically-associated metal cations for seeding dendrite growth.

2. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized nanocarbon particles comprise carbon black, graphene, graphite, nanographite, amorphous carbon, or a combination containing carbon black, graphene, graphite, nanographite, or amorphous carbon.

3. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the metal cations ionically associate with a functional group comprising sulfonate, carboxylate, tertiary amine, diazonium salt, or a combination containing sulfonate, carboxylate, tertiary amine, or diazonium salt.

4. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-insulating barrier is permeable to an organic electrolyte containing metal salts.

5. The battery cell of claim 4 , wherein metal comprising the metal cations comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or a combination containing lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium.

6. A battery cell comprising:

an electrolyte medium;

a cathode in the electrolyte medium;

a lithium-containing anode in the electrolyte medium and spaced from the cathode;

a separator having an anode-facing side and a cathode-facing side disposed between the lithium-containing anode and the cathode; the separator being electrically insulating and electrolytically permeable; and

a plurality of functionalized nanocarbon particles operationally connected to the anode-facing side of the separator;

wherein the plurality of functionalized nanocarbon particles are functionalized with ionically-associated metal cations for seeding dendrite growth; and

wherein the plurality of functionalized nanocarbon particles is electrically-conductive.

7. The battery cell of claim 6 , wherein a plurality of dendrites extend from the lithium-containing anode toward the separator, and a plurality of dendrites extend from the anode-facing side of the separator toward the lithium-containing anode.

8. The battery cell of claim 7 , wherein the pluralities of dendrites extending from the lithium-containing anode combine with the plurality of dendrites extending from the anode-facing side in the electrolyte medium to produce a potential difference of approximately zero between the pluralities of dendrites extending from the lithium-containing anode and the plurality of dendrites extending from the anode-facing side.

9. The battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of dendrites extending from the lithium-containing anode and the plurality of dendrites extending from the anode-facing side define a secondary lithium metal layer.

10. The battery cell of claim 6 , wherein the battery cell is a coin cell.

11. The battery cell of claim 6 , wherein the battery cell is rechargeable.

12. The battery cell of claim 6 , wherein the battery cell is symmetric.

13. A battery cell comprising:

an electrode having a metal portion, wherein the metal portion comprises lithium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, or a combination containing lithium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium;

an electrolyte permeable membrane;

a metal dendrite seeding material disposed between the electrode and the electrolyte permeable membrane; and

at least one dendrite extending from the electrode toward the electrolyte permeable membrane, the at least one dendrite extending from the electrode being combined with at least one dendrite extending from the metal dendrite seeding material;

wherein the electrode, the electrolyte permeable membrane, and the metal dendrite seeding material are in an electrolyte matrix; and

wherein the metal dendrite seeding material comprises electrically-conductive metal functionalized carbon nanoparticles that are functionalized with ionically-associated metal cations for seeding dendrite growth.

14. The battery cell of claim 13 , wherein metal in the metal functionalized carbon nanoparticles comprises lithium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, or a combination containing lithium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium.

15. The battery cell of claim 13 , wherein dendrites extending from the electrode and dendrites extending from the metal dendrite seeding material are combined to form a secondary metal portion.

16. The battery cell of claim 13 , wherein the metal dendrite seeding material comprises functionalized nanocarbon aggregates bonded together.

17. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized nanocarbon particles form aggregates.

18. The battery cell of claim 17 , wherein the aggregates are bonded together to form a porous layer.

19. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized nanocarbon particles contact one or more adjacent functionalized nanocarbon particles.

20. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the the separator is electrically insulating and electrolytically permeable.