Metal inks
Self-reducing metal inks and systems and methods for producing and using the same are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, a method may comprise selecting a metal-organic (MO) precursor, selecting a reducing agent, and dissolving the MO precursor and the reducing agent in an organic solvent to produce a metal ink that remains in a liquid phase at room temperature. Metal inks, including self-reducing and fire-through metal inks, are also disclosed, as are various applications of the metal inks.
1. A method of using a fire-through metal ink comprising:
providing a photovoltaic device including an anti-reflection coating and a p-n junction;
providing a fire-through metal ink including a solution comprising a first metal complex dissolved in a solvent, the first metal complex including a first metal and a ligand;
depositing the metal ink on the anti-reflection coating;
processing the photovoltaic device at a temperature of 200° C. or greater; and
producing a metal oxide from the first metal complex.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising burning the metal oxide through the anti-reflection coating and producing an electrical contact with the p-n junction, the electrical contact including the first metal.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal ink further comprises a second metal and the electrical contact further comprises the second metal.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anti-reflection coating comprises silicon nitride and the p-n junction comprises silicon.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the second metal resides in the metal ink in a form selected from the group consisting of (i) a second metal complex, wherein the metal ink further comprises a reducing agent and the second metal complex, both the second metal complex and the reducing agent being dissolved in the solution, and (ii) a particulate metal.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and Zinc (Zn), and the second metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and Tin (Sn).
7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising reacting the second metal complex with the reducing agent at a processing temperature above 150° C., wherein the second metal complex and the reducing agent are substantially unreactive toward each other in the metal ink at room temperature.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the second metal complex comprises a metal ion, and reacting the second metal complex with the reducing agent reduces the metal ion.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the burning of the metal oxide through the antireflection coating is performed at a process temperature of 500° C. or greater.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the burning of the metal oxide through the anti-reflection coating is performed at a process temperature at or below 750° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide resides on or in the antireflection coating.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal ink is deposited on the antireflection coating by a deposition technique selected from the group consisting of spray printing and inkjet printing.
13. The method of claim 5 , wherein the metal ink is deposited on the antireflection coating by a deposition technique selected from the group consisting of spray printing, inkjet printing, dipping, spinning, and direct-write deposition.
14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the electrical contact is an ohmic contact and the method is performed in the absence of a paste comprising glass fits and a metal.
15. A method of using a fire-through metal ink comprising:
providing a photovoltaic device including an anti-reflection coating and a p-n junction;
depositing a fire-through metal ink on the anti-reflection coating, the metal ink including a first metal complex dissolved in a solvent, the first metal complex comprising a first metal and a ligand;
processing the photoelectric device at a temperature of 500° C. or greater;
producing a metal oxide from the first metal complex; and
burning the metal oxide through the anti-reflection coating.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the metal ink further comprises a second metal, the second metal being in a form selected from the group consisting of (i) a second metal complex, the second metal complex and a reducing agent being dissolved in the metal ink and being substantially unreactive toward each other at room temperature, and (ii) a particulate metal.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising producing an electrical contact on the p-n junction, wherein the electrical contact is ohmic and the method is performed without using a glass frit paste.
18. A method of using a fire through metal ink comprising:
providing a fire-through metal ink including a first metal complex dissolved in a solvent, the first metal complex comprising a first metal and a ligand;
providing a photoelectric device including a anti-reflection coating and a p-n junction;
delivering the metal ink onto the anti-reflection coating;
processing the photovoltaic device at a temperature of 200° C. or greater;
producing a metal oxide from the first metal complex; and
burning the metal oxide through the anti-reflection coating.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising producing an electrical contact with the p-n junction, the electrical contact including the first metal and a second metal, wherein the metal ink further includes the second metal in the form of a particulate metal.
20. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
reacting a second metal complex and a reducing agent, wherein the metal ink further includes the second metal complex and the reducing agent;
producing an electrical contact with the p-n junction, the electrical contact including the first metal and a second metal, the second metal coming from the second metal complex.