Optical-interface patterning for radiation detector crystals
A radiation detector is disclosed that includes a scintillation crystal and a plurality of photodetectors positioned to detect low-energy scintillation photons generated within the scintillation crystal. The scintillation crystals are processed using subsurface laser engraving to generate point-like defects within the crystal to alter the path of the scintillation photons. In one embodiment, the defects define a plurality of boundaries within a monolithic crystal to delineate individual detector elements. In another embodiment, the defects define a depth-of-interaction boundary that varies longitudinally to vary the amount of light shared by neighboring portions of the crystal. In another embodiment the defects are evenly distributed to reduce the lateral spread of light from a scintillation event. Two or more of these different aspects may be combined in a single scintillation crystal. Additionally, or alternatively, similar SSLE defects may be produced in other light-guiding elements of the radiation detector.
1. A scintillation crystal-type radiation detector comprising:
a transparent scintillator block formed from a scintillation material that is configured to interact with a high-energy photon in a scintillation event that releases a large number of low-energy photons;
a plurality of photodetectors positioned to receive at least some of the low-energy photons from the scintillation event and to produce corresponding output signals; and
a computer system configured to receive the output signals from the plurality of photodetectors and to calculate the location of the scintillation event within the scintillator block;
wherein the scintillator block includes a plurality of internal defects created in the scintillator block using subsurface laser engraving, and wherein the plurality of internal defects is configured to alter the path of at least some of the large number of low-energy photons within the scintillator block, and
wherein the scintillator block comprises at least one depth-of-interaction crystal element comprising a first portion having one of the plurality of photodetectors at a first end of the crystal element and a second portion having a different one of the plurality of photodetectors at the first end of the crystal element,
wherein the plurality of internal defects are disposed along a transverse plane that delineates the first portion from the second portion, and
wherein the plurality of internal defects near the first end of the crystal element continuously decrease in density away from the first end of the crystal element.
2. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation material comprises one of thallium doped sodium iodide, bismuth germinate, lutetium oxyorthosilicate, gadolinium orthosilicate, and cerium-doped lutetium yttrium orthosilicate.
3. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of photodetectors comprise components selected from photomultiplier tubes, avalanche photodiodes, and silicon photomultipliers.
4. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the transparent scintillator block comprises a monolithic crystal, and further wherein the plurality of internal defects further define a plurality of reflective walls that define boundaries segmenting the monolithic crystal into a rectangular array of depth of interaction crystal elements.
5. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of internal defects define a shaped barrier.
6. The radiation detector of claim 5 , wherein the shaped barrier is triangular.
7. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of internal defects are more densely spaced near the first end of the crystal element, and are more sparsely spaced away from the first end of the crystal element.
8. The radiation detector of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of photodetectors comprise a first array of photodetectors disposed on a first side of the scintillator block and a second array of photodetectors disposed on a side opposite the first side of the scintillator block.
9. The radiation detector of claim 1 , further comprising a transparent light guide disposed between the scintillator block and at least some of the plurality of photodetectors.
10. A scintillator for a radiation detector comprising a monolithic block of scintillation material having a plurality of subsurface laser engraved defects configured to interact with visible-wavelength photons produced in a scintillation event occurring in the scintillator,
wherein the plurality of subsurface laser engraved defects define a depth-of-interaction optical boundary in the scintillator, wherein the depth-of-interaction optical boundary extends partially through the scintillator along a plane, and further wherein the plurality of subsurface laser engraved defects continuously decrease in defect density along a length of the boundary.
11. The scintillator of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of subsurface laser engraved defects further define a grid of internal optical barriers that extend through a thickness of the scintillator.
12. The scintillator of claim 11 , wherein the grid of internal optical barriers define a regular array of scintillator elements.