Compositions comprising conductive particles with surface-modified nanoparticles covalently attached thereto, and methods of making
Compositions are disclosed comprising a plurality of conductive particles wherein each conductive particle comprises a plurality of surface-modified nanoparticles that are covalently bonded to the surface of the conductive particle. Compositions are also disclosed wherein the plurality of conductive particles comprising a plurality of surface-modified nanoparticles covalently bonded thereto, are provided in an organic vehicle.
1. A composition comprising:
a plurality of conductive particles that are metal-coated glass flakes comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1;
wherein each conductive particle has a plurality of surface-modified nanoparticles covalently bonded to the surface of the conductive particle,
wherein the surface of each surface-modified nanoparticle comprises nonpolar hydrocarbon organic substituents derived from a surface modification agent,
and wherein each nanoparticle that is surface-modified is not conductive.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conductive particles are nonspherical particles comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conductive particles are nonspherical particles comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 7:1.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the conductive particles comprise a nonconductive core and comprise at least a layer of a material having an electrical conductivity of at least about 1×10 7 siemens per meter.
5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the conductive particles have a density greater than zero and below about five grams per cubic centimeter.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the surface-modified nanoparticles are covalently bonded to the conductive particle by the same multifunctional surface-modifying agent that is used to provide the surface modification of the nanoparticles.
7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of surface-modified nanoparticles to conductive particles is from about 0.25% to about 1.0%.
8. A composition comprising:
an organic vehicle comprising a plurality of conductive particles dispersed therin,
wherein the conductive particles are metal-coated glass flakes comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1;
wherein each conductive particle has a plurality of surface-modified nanoparticles covalently bonded to the surface of the conductive particle,
wherein the surface of each surface-modified nanoparticle comprises nonpolar hydrocarbon organic substituents derived from a surface modification agent,
and wherein each nanoparticle that is surface-modified is not conductive.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the organic vehicle comprises an organic syrup comprising a viscosity of between 100 cps and 10000 cps.
10. The composition of claim 8 wherein the organic vehicle is a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
11. The composition of claim 10 wherein the organic vehicle is a (meth)acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive.
12. The composition of claim 11 wherein the organic vehicle is the reaction product of a pressure sensitive adhesive precursor syrup comprising a (meth)acrylic acid ester of a non-tertiary alcohol, the alkyl groups of which have an average of about 4 to 14 carbon atoms, and a polar comonomer.
13. The composition of claim 10 wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive is an electrically conductive adhesive layer comprising an x-y plane resistance of less than 20 ohms.
14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the conductive particles are metal-coated glass flakes comprising an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1 and comprising a density greater than zero and below about five grams per cubic centimeter.
15. The composition of claim 10 wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises an apparent thermal conductivity of at least 1 watt/meter-degree Kelvin.
16. A method of making a composition comprising a plurality of conductive particles with surface-modified nanoparticles covalently bonded thereto, comprising:
providing a plurality of non-conductive nanoparticles in a liquid;
reacting at least some of the non-conductive nanoparticles with multifunctional surface-modifying agent molecules so that at least a portion of the surface of each non-conductive nanoparticle comprises multifunctional surface-modifying agent molecules covalently bonded to the nanoparticle so as to provide a surface-modified nanoparticle that is not conductive;
adding a plurality of conductive particles to the liquid,
wherein the conductive particles are metal-coated glass flakes comprising an aspect ratio of at lest about 2:1; and,
reacting at least some of the conductive particles with at least some of the multifunctional surface-modifying agent molecules that are covalently bonded to the surface of the nanoparticles, so that each conductive particle thus reacted comprises a plurality of surface-modified nanoparticles attached thereto by way of the multifunctional surface-modifying agent,
and wherein the surface of each non-conductive suface-modified nanoparticle comprises nonpolar hydrocarbon organic substituents derived from a surface modification agent.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising the step of mixing the composition comprising a plurality of conductive particles with surface-modified nanoparticles covalently bonded thereto, with an organic syrup.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the organic syrup is a pressure-sensitive adhesive precursor composition.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising the steps of depositing the pressure-sensitive adhesive precursor to form a layer and curing the pressure-sensitive adhesive precursor composition to form a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive comprises a (meth)acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive that comprises an x-y plane resistance of less than 20 ohms, and wherein the conductive particles comprise a density greater than zero and below about five grams per cubic centimeter.