Locating features in the heart using radio frequency imaging
Diagnostic apparatus ( 20 ) includes an antenna 32 , which is configured to direct radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves into a living body and to generate signals responsively to the waves that are scattered from within the body. Processing circuitry ( 36 ) is configured to process the signals so as to locate a feature in a blood vessel in the body.
1. A diagnostic apparatus, comprising:
an antenna, which is configured to direct radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves into a living body and to generate signals responsively to the waves that are scattered from within the body; and
processing circuitry, which is configured to process the signals so as to locate a feature in the body responsively to a difference in a dielectric constant of the feature relative to surrounding tissue, wherein a front surface of the antenna comprises a printed circuit board, and a planar element of an antenna element of the antenna comprises a conductive radiator printed on the printed circuit board.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the antenna comprises an array of antenna elements, which is brought into contact with an outer surface of the body.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising an ultrasound transducer, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to guide the ultrasound transducer to direct an ultrasonic beam toward the feature.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the feature located by the processing circuitry comprises a stent, and wherein the ultrasound transducer is configured to generate a Doppler signal responsively to a flow of blood through the stent.
5. The apparatus according to claim 3 , further comprising a tracking unit configured to track respective coordinates of the antenna and of the ultrasound transducer, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to guide the ultrasound transducer responsively to the respective coordinates.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , and comprising position transducers fixed respectively to the ultrasound transducer and to the antenna, wherein the tracking unit is configured to track the respective coordinates responsively to position signals exchanged between the position transducers and the tracking system.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to process the signals so as to perform one or more of detecting, measuring, imaging, and tracking the feature.
8. The apparatus according to claim 3 , and comprising a display, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to guide the ultrasound transducer by driving the display to present to an operator of the ultrasound transducer an indication of a direction in which the ultrasound transducer should be aimed.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the feature is located in a coronary artery blood vessel.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the processing circuitry is configured to track a cyclical motion of the feature over multiple cycles of a heart in the body.
11. A diagnostic apparatus, comprising:
an antenna, having a front surface configured to be brought into contact with an outer surface of a living body so as to direct radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves into the body and to generate signals responsively to the waves that are scattered from within the body;
a dielectric gel, which is adapted to be spread between the outer surface of the body and the front surface of the antenna; and
processing circuitry, which is configured to process the signals so as to locate a feature in the body responsively to a difference in a dielectric constant of the feature relative to surrounding tissue, wherein the front surface of the antenna comprises a printed circuit board, and a planar element of an antenna element of the antenna comprises a conductive radiator printed on the printed circuit board.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the body has a first dielectric constant, and the gel has a second dielectric constant that is chosen to at least substantially match the first dielectric constant.
13. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the gel has a dielectric constant that is between 30 and 75.
14. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the gel is adhesive.
15. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the gel is water-based and comprises an additive selected from a group of additives comprising an alcohol, a salt, a sugar, and glycerin.
16. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the gel comprises silicone and an additive configured to cause the gel attain a dielectric constant that substantially matches an effective dielectric constant of the outer surface of the body on which the gel is spread.
17. The apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the antenna comprises an array of antenna elements, each comprising a planar element at the front surface of the antenna and a cavity behind the planar element.
18. A diagnostic apparatus, comprising:
an antenna, which has a front surface and is configured to direct radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from the front surface into a living body and to generate signals responsively to the waves that are scattered from within the body, and which comprises an array of antenna elements, each antenna element comprising a planar element at the front surface of the antenna and a cavity behind the planar element; and
processing circuitry, which is configured to process the signals so as to locate a feature in the body responsively to a difference in a dielectric constant of the feature relative to surrounding tissue, wherein the front surface of the antenna comprises a printed circuit board, and wherein the planar element of each antenna element comprises a conductive radiator printed on the printed circuit board.
19. The apparatus according to claim 18 , wherein the front surface of the antenna is configured to be brought into contact with an outer surface of the body for transmission of the RF electromagnetic waves into the body.