NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (NLO-PDT) OF THE CORNEA
The embodiments include method of nonlinear optical photodynamic therapy of tissue including the steps of providing pulsed infrared laser light for two-photon excited fluorescence tissue exposure, and selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue at a focal plane to activate a photosensitizing agent to generate free radicals within a highly resolved axial and lateral spatial domain in the tissue. The invention is also directed to an apparatus for performing nonlinear optical photodynamic therapy of tissue including a pulsed infrared laser for providing two-photon excited fluorescence beam tissue exposure, a scanner for selectively and controllably moving the tissue and the beam relative to each other, and optics for selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue at a point in a focal plane to activate a photosensitizing agent to generate free radicals within a highly resolved axial and lateral spatial domain in the tissue.
1 . A method of nonlinear optical photodynamic therapy of tissue comprising:
providing pulsed infrared laser light for multiphoton tissue exposure; and
selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue at a focal plane to activate a photosensitizing agent to generate free radicals within a highly resolved axial and lateral spatial domain in the tissue.
2 . The method of claim 1 further comprising pretreating the tissue with the photosensitive agent prior to selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue.
3 . The method of claim 2 where the photosensitive agent comprises riboflavin.
4 . The method of claim 1 where providing pulsed infrared laser light comprises providing near-infrared light to minimize cellular damage by reducing energy level of the laser light and increasing depth penetration into the tissue.
5 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to cause collagen crosslinking (CXL) effective for corneal stiffening.
6 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively provide anti-microbial mediation to treat a corneal infection.
7 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively inhibit corneal swelling in bullous keratopathy.
8 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively kill cells, bacteria, tumors or neovascular vessels growing into the avascular cornea.
9 . The method of claim 1 where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively activate the photosensitizing agent only at the focal plane.
10 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively cause corneal stiffening by collagen crosslinking to precisely stiffen weakened corneas, including keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia.
11 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively cause corneal stiffening, flattening and steepening to precisely stiffen, flatten and steepen regions of the cornea to treat astigmatism and refractive errors associated with myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia.
12 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively treat bacterial, fungal, and amoebic infections of the eye without antibiotics.
13 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively kill labeled tumor cells in the eye following loading with photosensitizing dyes.
14 . The method of claim 1 where the tissue is a cornea and where selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue comprises providing sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively treat clinical diseases including keratoconus, post-LASIK ectasia, astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, infection and ocular tumors.
15 . An apparatus for performing nonlinear optical photodynamic therapy of tissue comprising:
a pulsed infrared laser for providing multiphoton tissue exposure;
a scanner for selectively and controllably moving the tissue and the beam relative to each other; and
optics for selectively focusing the pulsed infrared laser light within the tissue at a point in a focal plane to activate a photosensitizing agent to generate free radicals within a highly resolved axial and lateral spatial domain in the tissue.
16 . The apparatus of claim 15 where the pulsed infrared laser light comprises a near-infrared laser to minimize cellular damage by reducing energy level of the laser light and increasing depth penetration into the tissue.
17 . The apparatus of claim 15 where the tissue is a cornea and where the selectively focused the pulsed infrared laser is arranged and configured with the optics to provide sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to cause collagen crosslinking (CXL) effective for corneal stiffening, anti-microbial mediation to treat a corneal infection, inhibition of corneal swelling in bullous keratopathy, or selective killing of cells, bacteria, tumors or neovascular vessels growing into the avascular cornea.
18 . The apparatus of claim 15 where the tissue is a cornea and where the selectively focused the pulsed infrared laser is arranged and configured with the optics to provide sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively cause corneal stiffening by collagen crosslinking to precisely stiffen weakened corneas, including keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia.
19 . The apparatus of claim 15 where the tissue is a cornea and where the selectively focused the pulsed infrared laser is arranged and configured with the optics to provide sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively cause corneal stiffening, flattening and steepening to precisely stiffen, flatten and steepen regions of the cornea to treat astigmatism and refractive errors associated with myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia.
20 . The apparatus of claim 15 where the tissue is a cornea and where the selectively focused the pulsed infrared laser is arranged and configured with the optics to provide sufficient intensity and length of irradiation to effectively treat bacterial, fungal, and amoebic infections of the eye without antibiotics, or to effectively kill labeled of tumor cells in the eye following loading with photosensitizing dyes.