Ultra-sensitive detection of molecules or particles using beads or other capture objects

1. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of a plurality of types of analyte molecules or particles, said plurality including at least a first type of analyte molecules or particles and a second type of analyte molecules or particles in a fluid sample, comprising:

providing a substrate comprising a plurality of locations, at least a portion of which locations contain a first type of capture object and at least a portion of which locations contain a second type of capture object, wherein with respect to the total number of capture objects present on the substrate, the ratio of capture objects comprising at least one analyte molecule or particle to capture objects comprising no analyte molecules or particles is between about 8:1 and about 1:10,000,000;

addressing at least a portion of the plurality of locations, wherein during the addressing step at least two of the plurality of locations is addressed at least partially concurrently;

detecting at each addressed location the presence or absence of a first type of capture object or the presence or absence of a second type of capture object and whether, if present, the first type of capture object and the second type of capture object is associated with any of the first type of analyte molecules or particles or any of the second type of analyte molecules or particles, respectively;

determining a measure of the concentration of the first type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample at least in part by determining the fraction of the first type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle of the first type; and

determining a measure of the concentration of the second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample at least in part by determining the fraction of the second type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle of the second type.

2. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of a plurality of types of analyte molecules or particles, said plurality including at least a first type of analyte molecules or particles and a second type of analyte molecules and particles in a fluid sample, comprising:

providing a substrate comprising a plurality of locations, at least a portion of which contain a first type of capture object and at least a portion of which locations contain a second type of capture object, wherein with respect to the total number of capture objects present on the substrate, the ratio of capture objects comprising at least one analyte molecule or particle associated with a binding ligand to capture objects comprising no analyte molecules or particles associated with a binding ligand is between about 8:1 and about 1:10,000,000;

addressing at least a portion of the plurality of locations, wherein during the addressing step at least two of the plurality of locations is addressed at least partially concurrently;

detecting at each addressed location the presence or absence of the first type of capture object or the presence of absence of a second type of capture object and whether, if present, the first type of capture object and the second type of capture object is associated with any of the first type of analyte molecules or particles or any of the second type of analyte molecules or particles, respectively; and

determining a measure of the concentration of the first type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample at least in part by determining the fraction of the first type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle of the first type; and

determining a measure of the concentration of the second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample at least in part by determining the fraction of the second type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle of the second type.

3. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of a plurality of types of analyte molecules or particles, said plurality including at least a first type of analyte molecules or particles and a second type of analyte molecules and particles in a fluid sample, comprising:

immobilizing a plurality of the first type of analyte molecules or particles and a plurality of a second type of analyte molecules and particles with respect to a plurality of first type of capture objects and a plurality of a second type of capture objects, respectively;

spatially segregating at least a portion of the plurality of first type of capture objects and the plurality of second type of capture objects into a plurality of separate locations;

addressing at least some of the plurality of locations and determining the number of locations containing a first type of capture object and the number of locations containing a second type of capture object;

further determining the number of said locations containing a first type of capture object and a first type of analyte molecule or particle and the number of said locations containing a second type of capture object and a second type of analyte molecule or particle;

determining a measure of the concentration of the first type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the ratio of the number of locations containing a first type of capture object and a first type of analyte molecule and particle, to the number of locations containing a first type of capture object; and

determining a measure of the concentration of the second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the ratio of the number of locations containing a second type of capture object and a second type of analyte molecule and particle, to the number of locations containing a second type of capture object.

4. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of a plurality of types of analyte molecules or particles, said plurality including at least a first type of analyte molecules or particles in a fluid sample and a second type of analyte molecules or particles, comprising:

immobilizing a plurality of the first type of analyte molecules or particles and a plurality of a second type of analyte molecules or particles with respect to a plurality of a first type of capture objects and a plurality of second type of capture objects, respectively;

spatially segregating at least a portion of the plurality of first type of capture objects and the plurality of second type of capture objects into a plurality of separate locations;

addressing at least some of the plurality of locations and determining the number of locations containing a first type of capture object and the number of locations containing a second type of capture object;

further determining the number of said locations containing a first type of capture object and a first type of analyte molecule or particle and the number of locations containing a second type of capture object and a second type of analyte molecule or particle;

determining a measure of the concentration of first type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the ratio of the number of locations containing a first type of capture object and a first type of analyte molecule and particle, to the number of locations containing a first type of capture object but not containing any first type of analyte molecules or particles; and

determining a measure of the concentration of second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the ratio of the number of locations containing a second type of capture object and a first type of analyte molecule and particle, to the number of locations containing a second type of capture object but not containing any second type of analyte molecules or particles.

5. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of analyte molecules or particles in a fluid sample, comprising:

providing a plurality of capture objects that each are associated with either at least one analyte molecule or particle or are free of any analyte molecules or particles;

individually addressing at least a portion of the capture objects and determining the fraction of said capture objects associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle; and

determining a measure of the concentration of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the fraction of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one analyte molecule or particle.

6. A method for determining a measure of the concentration of a plurality of types of analyte molecules or particles, said plurality including at least a first type of analyte molecules or particles and a second type of analyte molecules or particles in a fluid sample, comprising:

providing a plurality of a first type of capture objects and a plurality of a second type of capture objects, wherein the first type of capture objects are each associated with either at least one first type of analyte molecule or particle or are free of any analyte molecules or particles, and the second type of capture objects are each associated with either at least one second type of analyte molecule or particle or are free of any analyte molecules or particles;

individually addressing at least a portion of the capture objects and determining the fraction of said first type of capture objects associated with at least first type of one analyte molecule or particle and the fraction of said second type of capture objects associated with at least one second type of analyte molecule or particle;

determining a measure of the concentration of first type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the fraction of first type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one first type of analyte molecule or particle; and

determining a measure of the concentration of second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample based at least in part on the fraction of second type of capture objects subjected to the addressing step determined to be associated with at least one second type of analyte molecule or particle.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio is between about 2:1 and about 1:1,000,000.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of locations comprise a plurality of reaction vessels.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the percent of locations comprising at least one capture object is greater than about 5% of the total number of locations.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte molecules or particles are proteins.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte molecules or particles are nucleic acids.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the first type of analyte molecules or particles and the second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample are each less than about 50×10-15 M.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measure of the concentration of first type of analyte molecules or particles and the second type of analyte molecules or particles in the fluid sample is determined at least in part by comparison of a measured parameter to a calibration standard.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first type of capture object comprises a first type of bead and the second type of capture object comprises a second type of bead.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein following the providing step, the locations are exposed to precursor labeling agent.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor binding ligand is converted to a labeling agent upon exposure to a binding ligand.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of reaction vessels is formed upon the mating of at least a portion of a sealing component and at least a portion of a second substrate.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volume of each of the plurality of reaction vessels is between about 10 attoliters and about 100 picoliters.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the number of said locations containing a first type of capture object or a second type of capture object is determined using optical techniques.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the number of said locations containing a first type of capture object or a second type of capture object is determined using white light.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the number of said locations containing a first type of capture object associated with any first type of analyte molecules or particles and the number of said locations containing a second type of capture object associated with any second type of analyte molecules or particles is determined using fluorescence.