Battery with low temperature molten salt (LTMS) cathode
A battery is provided with an associated method for transporting metal-ions in the battery using a low temperature molten salt (LTMS). The battery comprises an anode, a cathode formed from a LTMS having a liquid phase at a temperature of less than 150° C., a current collector submerged in the LTMS, and a metal-ion permeable separator interposed between the LTMS and the anode. The method transports metal-ions from the separator to the current collector in response to the LTMS acting simultaneously as a cathode and an electrolyte. More explicitly, metal-ions are transported from the separator to the current collector by creating a liquid flow of LTMS interacting with the current collector and separator.
1. A battery with a low temperature molten salt (LTMS) cathode, the battery comprising:
an anode configured to accept and release metal-ions;
a cathode comprising:
an active material exclusively formed from a LTMS having a liquid phase at a temperature of less than 150° C.;
a cathode current collector submerged in the LTMS;
a metal-ion permeable separator interposed between the LTMS and the anode; and,
wherein the LTMS is, simultaneously with being the cathode active material, an electrolyte transporting metal-ions from the separator to the current collector.
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein the LTMS comprises a redox couple, including a reducing agent and its corresponding oxidizing agent.
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the cathode is a flow-through cathode, with a liquid flow of LTMS interacting with the current collector and separator.
4. The battery of claim 3 wherein the flow-through cathode includes:
an internal compartment including the separator and current collector, an input flow port, and an output flow port; and,
a reservoir connected to the input and output flow ports.
5. The battery of claim 4 further comprising:
a pump connected between the internal compartment and the reservoir to supply a flow of LTMS.
6. The battery of claim 1 wherein the LTMS is selected from a group consisting of Mn(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, MnCl 2 .4H 2 O, FeBr 3 .6H 2 O, KFe(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O, FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O, FeCl 3 .2H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, CoSO 4 .7H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, and Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .H 2 O.
7. The battery of claim 1 wherein the LTMS is diluted with a salt including a metal-ion compound to decrease its melting point.
8. The battery of claim 7 wherein the metal-ion compound salt is selected from a group consisting of MNO 3 , MCl, and M 2 SO 4 , where M is a metal.
9. The battery of claim 7 wherein the metal-ion compound salt is selected from a group consisting of LiNO 3 , LiCl and Li 2 SO 4 for a battery with a Li metal anode, and NaNO 3 , NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 for a battery with a Na metal anode.
10. A method for transporting metal-ions using a low temperature molten salt (LTMS) in a battery, the method comprising:
providing a battery comprising an anode, a cathode comprising an active material formed exclusively from a LTMS having a liquid phase at a temperature of less than 150° C., a current collector submerged in the LTMS, and a metal-ion permeable separator interposed between the LTMS and the anode; and,
transporting metal-ions from the separator to the cathode current collector in response to the LTMS acting simultaneously as the cathode active material and an electrolyte.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein transporting metal-ions from the separator to the current collector includes creating a liquid flow of LTMS interacting with the current collector and separator.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein providing the battery cathode includes providing an internal compartment with the separator and current collector, and a connected reservoir; and,
wherein creating a liquid flow of LTMS includes flowing LTMS between the internal compartment and the reservoir.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the LTMS is selected from a group consisting of Mn(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, MnCl 2 .4H 2 O, FeBr 3 .6H 2 O, KFe(SO 4 ) 2 .12H 2 O, FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O, FeCl 3 .2H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, CoSO 4 .7H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, and Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .H 2 O.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising;
diluting the LTMS with a salt including a metal-ion compound salt; and,
in response to the metal-ion compound salt, reducing the melting temperature of the LTMS.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the metal-ion compound salt is selected from a group consisting of MNO 3 , MCl, and M 2 SO 4 , where M is a metal.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the metal-ion compound salt is selected from a group consisting of LiNO 3 , LiCl and Li 2 SO 4 for a battery with a Li metal anode, and NaNO 3 , NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 for a battery with a Na metal anode.