Monocrystalline epitaxially aligned nanostructures and related methods
A method for fabricating a nanostructure utilizes a templated monocrystalline substrate. The templated monocrystalline substrate is energetically (i.e., preferably thermally) treated, with an optional precleaning and an optional amorphous material layer located thereupon, to form a template structured monocrystalline substrate that includes the monocrystalline substrate with a plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars extending therefrom. The monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars may comprise the same or different monocrystalline materials. The method provides the nanostructure where when the monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxial aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars comprise different monocrystalline materials having a bulk crystal structure mismatch of up to about 10 percent, lattice mismatch induced crystal structure defects may be avoided interposed between the monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars, which may have an irregular sidewall shape.
1. A nanostructure comprising:
monocrystalline substrate comprising a first monocrystalline material having a first crystal structure; and
a plurality of monocrystalline pillars located epitaxially aligned with, extending contiguously from, and directly contacting the monocrystalline substrate, each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprising a second monocrystalline material having a height above the Matthews-Blakeslee limit for thin film heteroepitaxial growth for the second monocrystalline material and bulk second crystal structure with a lattice mismatch of +/−0.1 to about 10.0 percent with respect to the first crystal structure, absent any lattice mismatch induced crystal structure defects interposed between the monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars,
wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars is formed by a single-step energetic treatment comprising a fluence that is sufficient to melt and rapidly cool the first monocrystalline material of, at least in part, an upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate exposed through a plurality of pores disposed within a template layer located on an upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate, wherein the height is from 1 micron to 10 microns, and the template layer located on the upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate is formed by a self-assembling polymer to generate the plurality of pores.
2. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars has a linewidth dimension from about 5 to about 50 nanometers and a separation distance from about 5 to about 100 nanometers.
3. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars has a linewidth dimension from about 10 to about 30 nanometers and a separation distance from about 10 to about 50 nanometers.
4. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein:
the monocrystalline substrate comprises a semiconductor substrate; and
each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprise a metal silicide material.
5. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein:
the monocrystalline substrate comprises a first semiconductor material; and
each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprise a second semiconductor material different than the first semiconductor material.
6. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars is arranged in islands of pillars that are epitaxially aligned to and extending contiguously from the monocrystalline substrate.
7. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein the bulk second crystal structure has a lattice mismatch from about +/−5.0 percent to about 10.0 percent with respect to the first crystal structure.
8. The nanostructure of claim 1 wherein the bulk second crystal structure has a lattice mismatch of +/−0.1 percent to about 4.0 percent with respect to the first crystal structure.
9. The nanostructure of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars is arrayed in a hexagonal pattern.
10. The nanostructure of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars extending contiguously from the monocrystalline substrate comprise a common width, and is laterally spaced from each other by a uniform distance.
11. The nanostructure of claim 1 , wherein the monocrystalline substrate and each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprise the same material.
12. The nanostructure of claim 1 , wherein the fluence of the single pulsed-laser irradiation step utilized is between 500 mJ/cm 2 and 700 mJ/cm 2 .
13. The nanostructure of claim 1 , further comprising a microporous template layer disposed on the upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate.
14. A nanostructure comprising:
a monocrystalline substrate comprising a first monocrystalline material having a first crystal structure; and
a plurality of monocrystalline pillars located epitaxially aligned with, extending contiguously from, and directly contacting the monocrystalline substrate, each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprising a second monocrystalline material having a height above the Matthews-Blakeslee limit for thin film heteroepitaxial growth for the second monocrystalline material and a bulk second crystal structure with a lattice mismatch of +/−0.1 to about 10.0 percent with respect to the first crystal structure, absent any lattice mismatch induced crystal structure defects interposed between the monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars, wherein the height is from 1 micron to 10 microns, and the template layer located on the upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate is formed by a self-assembling polymer to generate the plurality of pores.
15. The nanostructure of claim 14 wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprises irregular sidewall shaped monocrystalline pillars.
16. The nanostructure of claim 15 wherein the monocrystalline substrate and each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprise the same material.
17. The nanostructure of claim 15 wherein the monocrystalline substrate and each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprise different materials.
18. The nanostructure of claim 15 wherein each of the plurality of irregular sidewall shaped monocrystalline pillars includes other than straight sidewalls.
19. The nanostructure of claim 15 wherein each of the plurality of irregular sidewall shaped monocrystalline pillars includes non-smooth sidewalls.
20. The nanostructure of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of irregular sidewall shaped monocrystalline pillars in an aggregate provide a nanostructured porous layer of circuitous porosity.
21. The nanostructure of claim 15 , further comprising a microporous template layer disposed on the upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate.
22. The nanostructure of claim 14 , wherein the fluence of the single pulsed-laser irradiation step utilized is between 500 mJ/cm 2 and 700 mJ/cm 2 .
23. A nanostructure comprising:
a monocrystalline substrate comprising a first monocrystalline material having a first crystal structure; and
a plurality of monocrystalline pillars located epitaxially aligned with, extending contiguously from, and directly contacting the monocrystalline substrate, each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprising a second monocrystalline material having a height above the Matthews-Blakeslee limit for thin film heteroepitaxial growth for the second monocrystalline material and bulk second crystal structure with a lattice mismatch of +/−0.1 to about 10.0 percent with respect to the first crystal structure, absent any lattice mismatch induced crystal structure defects interposed between the monocrystalline substrate and the plurality of epitaxially aligned contiguous monocrystalline pillars,
wherein each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars is formed by a single-step energetic treatment comprising a fluence that is sufficient to melt and rapidly cool the first monocrystalline material of, at least in part, an upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate exposed through a plurality of pores disposed within a template layer located on an upper surface of the monocrystalline substrate, wherein the height is from 1 micron to 10 microns, and each of the plurality of monocrystalline pillars comprises irregular sidewalls.
24. The nanostructure of claim 23 , wherein at least some of the plurality of irregular sidewalls are non-smooth sidewalls.