Hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail
A method of making a hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail is provided that includes a step of head hardening a steel rail having a composition containing 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride. Head hardening is conducted at a cooling rate that, if plotted on a graph with xy-coordinates with the x-axis representing cooling time in seconds, and the y-axis representing temperature in Celsius of the surface of the head of the steel rail, is maintained in a region between an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 775° C.), (20 s, 670° C.), and (110 s, 550° C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 750° C.), (20 s, 610° C.), and (110 s, 500° C.).
1. A hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail comprising a head hardened steel rail having a composition comprising 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride, wherein the head of the steel rail has a Brinell hardness of at least 370 HB at a depth of 25 mm from a center surface point of the head of the steel rail.
2. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises 0.20-0.30 wt % chromium.
3. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 2 , wherein the nitrogen is present in the composition in an amount of 0.0050 to 0.0150 wt %.
4. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 1 , wherein the steel rail has a head portion that has a fully pearlitic microstructure.
5. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 1 , wherein the steel rail composition has 0.90-1.00 wt % carbon.
6. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 5 , wherein the steel rail has a head portion that has a fully pearlitic microstructure.
7. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 1 , the steel rail having been head hardened at a cooling rate that, if plotted on a graph with xy-coordinates with the x-axis representing cooling time in seconds and the y-axis representing temperature in Celsius of the surface of the head of the steel rail, is maintained in a region between an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 775° C.), (20 s, 670° C.), and (110 s, 550° C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 750° C.), (20 s, 610° C.), and (110 s, 500° C.).
8. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 7 , wherein the cooling rate from 0 second to 20 seconds plotted on the graph has an average within a range of 5-10° C./s, and wherein the cooling rate from 20 seconds to 110 seconds plotted on the graph is greater than a comparable air cooling rate.
9. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 7 , the steel rail having been formed at a temperature of about 1600° C. to about 1650° C. by sequentially adding manganese, silicon, carbon, aluminum, followed by titanium and vanadium in any order or in combination to form a steel rail composition comprising 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride.
10. A hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail comprising a head hardened steel rail having a composition comprising 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride, wherein the head of the steel rail has Brinell hardness values in a range of 370-410 HB throughout a depth range of 0-25 mm from every point on the vertical centerline of the running surface of the head of the steel rail.
11. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 10 , wherein the composition further comprises 0.20-0.30 wt % chromium.
12. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 11 , wherein the nitrogen is present in the composition in an amount of 0.0050 to 0.0150 wt %.
13. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 10 , wherein the steel rail has a head portion that has a fully pearlitic microstructure.
14. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 10 , wherein the steel rail composition has 0.90-1.00 wt % carbon.
15. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 14 , wherein the steel rail has a head portion that has a fully pearlitic microstructure.
16. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 10 , the steel rail having been head hardened at a cooling rate that, if plotted on a graph with xy-coordinates with the x-axis representing cooling time in seconds and the y-axis representing temperature in Celsius of the surface of the head of the steel rail, is maintained in a region between an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 775° C.), (20 s, 670° C.), and (110 s, 550° C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 750° C.), (20 s, 610° C.), and (110 s, 500° C.).
17. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 16 , wherein the cooling rate from 0 second to 20 seconds plotted on the graph has an average within a range of 5-10° C./s, and wherein the cooling rate from 20 seconds to 110 seconds plotted on the graph is greater than a comparable air cooling rate.
18. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 16 , the steel rail having been formed at a temperature of about 1600° C. to about 1650° C. by sequentially adding manganese, silicon, carbon, aluminum, followed by titanium and vanadium in any order or in combination to form a steel rail composition comprising 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride.
19. A hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail comprising a head hardened steel rail having a composition comprising 0.86-1.00 wt % carbon, 0.40-0.75 wt % manganese, 0.40-1.00 wt % silicon, 0.05-0.15 wt % vanadium, 0.015-0.030 wt % titanium, and sufficient nitrogen to react with the titanium to form titanium nitride, wherein the head of the steel rail has a Brinell hardness of at least 370 HB at a depth of 25 mm from a center surface point of the head of the steel rail, and wherein the head of the steel rail has Brinell hardness values in a range of 370-410 HB throughout a depth range of 0-25 mm from every point on the vertical centerline of the running surface of the head of the steel rail.
20. The hypereutectoid, head-hardened steel rail of claim 19 , the steel rail having been head hardened at a cooling rate that, if plotted on a graph with xy-coordinates with the x-axis representing cooling time in seconds and the y-axis representing temperature in Celsius of the surface of the head of the steel rail, is maintained in a region between an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 775° C.), (20 s, 670° C.), and (110 s, 550° C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 750° C.), (20 s, 610° C.), and (110 s, 500° C.).