Small-molecule inhibitors of Rac1 in metastatic breast cancer
A novel inhibitor of Rac activity based on the structure of the established Rac/Rac-GEF inhibitor NSC23766 is discloses. The compound EHop-016, with an IC50 of 1.1 μM, is a 100-fold more efficient inhibitor of Rac activity than NSC23766. EHop-016 is specific for Rac1 and Rac3 at concentrations ≦5 mM. At higher concentrations, EHop-016 inhibits the close homolog Cdc42. In MDA-MB-435 cells, EHop-016 (≦5 mM) inhibits the association of the Rac-GEF Vav2 with a nucleotide-free Rac1(G15A), which has a high affinity for activated GEFs. EHop-016 does not affect the association of the Rac-GEF Tiam-1 with Rac1(G15A) at similar concentrations. EHop-016 also inhibits the Rac activity of MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells and reduces Rac-directed lamellipodia formation in both cell lines. EHop-016 decreases Rac-downstream effects of p21-activated kinase (PAK)1 activity and directed migration of metastatic cancer cells. At low concentrations (<5 μM), EHop-016 does not affect cell viability.
1. A compound N 4 -(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N2-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propyl)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine of the chemical structure:
2. A method of synthesizing the compound of claim 1 comprising reacting 2,4-dichloropyrimidine with 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole to obtain (2-chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-amine and reacting the (2-chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-amine with 4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine.