Methods for treating opioid tolerance

1. A method for ameliorating or treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease or condition involves at least one G protein βγ subunit activity, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutically acceptable composition comprising a compound that binds to at least one amino acid residue of the protein interaction site of the G protein β subunit,

wherein the protein binding site comprises at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of Lys57, Tyr59, Trp99, Val100, Met101, Leu117, Tyr145, Asp186, Met188, Asp228, Asn230, Asp246, and Trp332 of SEQ ID NO:3 or 4,

wherein the compound is a compound of Formula III or a salt thereof:

wherein:

R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl; and

R 2 and R 3 are independently —H or —OH;

wherein the disease or condition is opioid tolerance; whereby the disease or condition in the subject is ameliorated or treated in the subject.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 2 and R 3 are —OH.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substituents in the substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or cycloalkenyl groups independently comprise hydroxy, carboxy, halogen, substituted alkyl, or unsubstituted alkyl.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is carboxy-substituted alkyl, carboxy-substituted cycloalkyl, carboxy-substituted alkenyl, or carboxy-substituted cycloalkenyl.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

any salts thereof, and any combinations thereof.