Optical stack having birefringent layer of optically symmetrical crystallites
An optical stack ( 400 ) having a plurality of alternating polymeric layers ( 401, 402 ) is described. The alternating layers may be alternating birefringent (syndiotactic polystyrene, sPS) and isotropic (CoPENa) layers, or alternating positively and negatively birefringent layers. Birefringent layers are made using polymers which form optically symmetrical crystallites upon stretching of the polymer. The optical stack has a large refractive index difference in the x-direction (the stretching direction) and small refractive index differences in the y- and z-directions (the non-stretching directions). The optical stack can be made using standard film tentering methods and may be a multilayer reflective polarizer.
1. An optical stack comprising:
a plurality of alternating birefringent and isotropic layers, the birefringent layers comprising semi-crystalline polymer having optically symmetrical crystallites, wherein:
x- and y-directions define a plane parallel to the layers and a z-direction normal to the plane, the x-, y- and z-directions being orthogonal to each other;
the birefringent layers have refractive indices n 1x , n 1y and n 1z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively; and
the isotropic layers have refractive indices n 2x , n 2y and n 2z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively;
the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that:
the difference between n 1x and n 1y is greater than about 0.10; and
the difference between any two of n 1y , n 1z , n 2y and n 2z is less than about 0.03.
2. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein the difference between any two of n 1y , n 1z , n 2y and n 2z is less than about 0.01.
3. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the birefringent layers exhibit negative birefringence.
4. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the birefringent layers exhibit negative birefringence; and
each optically symmetrical crystallite comprises a unit cell of a, b and c cell lengths, wherein a and b are about the same, and c is less than a and b.
5. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the birefringent layers exhibit negative birefringence; and
each optically symmetrical crystallite comprises a unit cell of a, b and c cell lengths, wherein a and b are about the same, and a/c is greater than about 2.
6. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the birefringent layers exhibit positive birefringence.
7. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the birefringent layers exhibit positive birefringence; and
each optically symmetrical crystallite comprises a unit cell of a, b and c cell lengths, wherein a and b are about the same, and c is greater than a and b.
8. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the birefringent layers exhibit positive birefringence; and
each optically symmetrical crystallite comprises a unit cell of a, b and c cell lengths, wherein a and b are about the same, and c/a is greater than about 2.
9. The optical stack of claim 1 , the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that
| n 1x −n 1y |>5 |n 1y −n 1z |.
10. The optical stack of claim 1 , the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that
| n 1x −n 1y |>10 |n 1y −n 1z |.
11. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
each birefringent layer comprises at least 10% by volume of optically symmetrical crystallites.
12. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the optically symmetrical crystallites have a heat of fusion of at least about 10 J/g as measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
13. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the optically symmetrical crystallites have a cylindrical shape.
14. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the optically symmetrical crystallites have a disc shape.
15. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the birefringent layers exhibit negative birefringence and comprise syndiotactic polystyrene, and
the isotropic layers comprise polyester.
16. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the birefringent layers exhibit positive birefringence and comprise nylon.
17. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the birefringent layers comprise a polyester, the polyester comprising biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid.
18. The optical stack of claim 1 , wherein
the optical stack comprises a reflective polarizer.
19. A polarizing beams splitter comprising the optical stack of claim 1 , disposed between a pair of prisms.
20. An optical stack comprising:
a plurality of alternating birefringent and isotropic layers, the birefringent layers comprising semi-crystalline polymer having optically symmetrical crystallites, wherein:
x- and y-directions define a plane parallel to the layers and a z-direction normal to the plane, the x-, y- and z-directions being orthogonal to each other;
the birefringent layers have refractive indices n 1x , n 1y and n 1z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively; and
the isotropic layers have refractive indices n 2x , n 2y and n 2z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively;
the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that:
| n 1x −n 2x |>5 |n 1y −n 2y |.
21. The optical stack of claim 20 , the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that
| n 1x −n 2x |>10 |n 1y −n 2y |.
22. An optical stack comprising:
a plurality of alternating birefringent and isotropic layers, the birefringent layers comprising semi-crystalline polymer having optically symmetrical crystallites, wherein:
x- and y-directions define a plane parallel to the layers and a z-direction normal to the plane, the x-, y- and z-directions being orthogonal to each other;
the birefringent layers have refractive indices n 1x , n 1y and n 1z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively; and
the isotropic layers have refractive indices n 2x , n 2y and n 2z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively;
the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that
| n 1x −n 2x |>5 |n 1z −n 2z |.
23. The optical stack of claim 22 , the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that
| n 1x −n 2x |>10 |n 1z −n 2z |.
24. An optical stack comprising
a plurality of alternating first and second birefringent layers, the first birefringent layer exhibiting negative birefringence and the second birefringent layer exhibiting positive birefringence.
25. The optical stack of claim 24 , wherein:
x- and y-directions define a plane parallel to the layers and a z-direction normal to the plane, the x-, y- and z-directions being orthogonal to each other;
the first birefringent layers have refractive indices n 1x , n 1y and n 1z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively; and
the second birefringent layers have refractive indices n 2x , n 2y and n 2z in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively;
each first and second birefringent layer comprises semi-crystalline polymer having optically symmetrical crystallites, the optically symmetrical crystallites being substantially aligned such that the difference between any two of n 1y , n 1z , n 2y and n 2z is less than about 0.03.
26. The optical stack of claim 24 , wherein
the optically symmetrical crystallites have a heat of fusion of at least about 10 J/g as measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
27. A method of making an optical stack, comprising:
providing a film comprising a plurality of alternating first and second layers, x- and y-directions defining a plane parallel to the layers and a z-direction normal to the plane, the x-, y- and z-directions being orthogonal to each other;
conveying the film within a stretcher; and
stretching the film in the x-direction within the stretcher, such that the first layer comprises a first birefringent layer comprising semi-crystalline polymer having first optically symmetrical crystallites.
28. The method of claim 27 , the method further comprising
subjecting the optical stack to heat set treatment after stretching.
29. The method of claim 27 , wherein
the film is stretched in the x-direction within the stretcher such that the second layer comprises a second isotropic layer.
30. The method of claim 27 , wherein
the film is stretched in the x-direction within the stretcher such that the second layer comprises a second birefringent layer comprising semi-crystalline polymer having second optically symmetrical crystallites, and
the first and second birefringent layers exhibit positive and negative birefringence, respectively.