Identification of mutations in herpes simplex virus envelope glycoproteins that enable or enhance vector retargeting to novel non-HSV receptors
The invention provides modified HSV vectors that exhibit enhanced entry of cells, either through direct infection and/or lateral spread. In one aspect, HSV vectors of the present invention can directly infect cells through interaction with cell proteins other than typical mediators of HSV infection. In another aspect, the invention provides an HSV vector, which exhibits lateral spread in cells typically resistant to HSV lateral spread, such as cells lacking gD receptors. The invention further provides DNA encoding mutant forms of the HSV gB and gH glycoproteins, stocks of the inventive virus, and methods for effecting viral targeting and efficient entry of cells. The invention also pertains to the use of the inventive vectors for treating cancers.
1. An HSV vector comprising a mutant gB and/or a mutant gH glycoprotein, wherein the mutations in the glycoproteins are substitution mutations in at least two residues, wherein, when the vector is HSV-1 K26GFP, the at least two residues are selected from the group consisting of gB:D285, gB:A549, gB:S668, gH:N753, and gH:A778, or wherein when the vector is a homologous HSV, the at least two residues are selected from amino acids that correlate to gB:D285, gB:A549, gB:S668, gH:N753, and gH:A778 wherein the gB:D285 residue correlates to X in VYPYXEFVL (SEQ ID NO:1), the gB:A549 residue correlates to X in KLNPNXIAS (SEQ ID NO:2), the gB:S668 residue correlates to X in ITTVXTFID (SEQ ID NO:3) the gH:N753 residue correlates to X in VDTDXTQQQ (SEQ ID NO:4), and the gH:A778 residue correlates to X in VPSTXLLLF (SEQ ID NO:5); and wherein the HSV vector is an HSV-1 or HSV-2 vector.
2. The HSV vector of claim 1 , wherein the at least two substitution mutations are at least either (a) gB:D285/gB:A549, (b) gB:S668/gH:N753/gH:A778, (c) gH:N753/gH:A778, or (d) gB:D285/gB:A549/gH:N753/gH:A778.
3. The HSV vector of claim 1 , wherein the at least two substitution mutations are selected from the group of mutations consisting of gB:D285N, gB:A549T, gB:S668N, gH:N753K, and gH:A778V.
4. The HSV vector of claim 3 , wherein the at least two substitution mutations are selected from the group consisting of (a) gB:D285N/gB:A549T, (b) gB:S668N/gH:N753K/gH:A778V, (c) gH:N753K/gH:A778V, or (d) gB:D285N/gB:A549T/gH:N753K/gH:A778V.
5. The HSV vector of claim 1 , further comprising a non-native ligand capable of specifically binding a surface component of a predetermined cell type.
6. The HSV vector of claim 5 , wherein the predetermined cell type is a cancer cell.
7. The HSV vector of claim 5 , wherein the ligand is incorporated into a viral envelope glycoprotein of the HSV vector.
8. The HSV vector of claim 7 , wherein the viral envelope glycoprotein is gD or gC.
9. The HSV vector of claim 5 , wherein the component is a protein selected from the group consisting of EGFR, EGFRvIII, CEA, and ClC-3/annexin-2/MMP-2.
10. The HSV vector of claim 5 , wherein the ligand is a single-chain antibody (scFv) or a single-domain antibody (VHH).
11. The HSV vector of claim 5 , wherein at least one additional viral envelope glycoprotein is impaired for binding to its natural receptor or is deleted.
12. The HSV vector of claim 11 , comprising a genome comprising an exogenous expression cassette.
13. The HSV vector of claim 5 , comprising a genome comprising a target sequence for a cellular microRNA.
14. The HSV vector of claim 1 , wherein at least one additional viral envelope glycoprotein of the HSV vector is impaired for binding to its natural receptor or is deleted.
15. The HSV vector of claim 14 , wherein the impaired or deleted viral envelope glycoprotein is gC, gD, or a combination thereof.
16. The HSV vector of claim 14 , comprising a genome comprising an exogenous expression cassette.
17. The HSV vector of claim 16 , comprising a genome comprising a target sequence for a cellular microRNA.
18. The HSV vector of claim 14 , comprising a genome comprising a target sequence for a cellular microRNA.
19. The HSV vector of claim 1 , comprising a genome comprising an exogenous expression cassette.
20. The HSV of claim 19 , wherein the expression cassette encodes an agent that enhances tumor killing activity.
21. The HSV vector of claim 19 , comprising a genome comprising a target sequence for a cellular microRNA.
22. The HSV vector of claim 19 , comprising a genome comprising a target sequence for a cellular microRNA.
23. The HSV of claim 22 , which comprises a non-native ligand capable of specifically binding a surface component of a cancer cell.
24. The HSV of claim 23 , wherein said component is a protein selected from the group consisting of EGFR, EGFRvIII, CEA, and ClC-3/annexin-2/MMP-2.
25. The HSV of claim 22 , comprising a genome comprising an exogenous expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette encodes an agent that enhances tumor killing activity.
26. A viral stock comprising the HSV vector of claim 1 .
27. The HSV vector of claim 1 , wherein the at least two substitution mutations comprise both gB:D285 and gB:A549.
28. The HSV vector of claim 1 , wherein the at least two substitution mutations comprise the gB:D285N/gB:A549T substitution mutations.
29. The HSV vector of claim 1 , which is a human HSV-1 vector.