Methods for fabricating gradient alloy articles with multi-functional properties
Systems and methods for fabricating multi-functional articles comprised of additively formed gradient materials are provided. The fabrication of multi-functional articles using the additive deposition of gradient alloys represents a paradigm shift from the traditional way that metal alloys and metal/metal alloy parts are fabricated. Since a gradient alloy that transitions from one metal to a different metal cannot be fabricated through any conventional metallurgy techniques, the technique presents many applications. Moreover, the embodiments described identify a broad range of properties and applications.
1. A method of fabricating a multi-functional multilayer article comprising:
determining a shape for the article and defining at least two spatially separated regions on said article, said two regions to be formed of at least two distinct materials being joined by at least one compositional gradient transition region;
mapping a compositional gradient pathway onto said article between said at least two regions such that the at least one compositional gradient transition region substantially excludes any undesirable compositional phases; and
forming the article, wherein at least the at least one compositional gradient transition region comprises a plurality of distinct gradient layers formed by incrementally adjusting the compositional ratio between the at least two distinct materials.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the incremental adjustment between the at least two distinct materials comprises compositional increments between 0.1 and 50%.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one gradient transition region comprises a direct compositional transition from one distinct material to another.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one gradient transition region comprises a multi-stage gradient wherein the gradient region includes both incremental compositional steps and direct stepwise compositional transitions.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the gradient transition region includes transitions to and from a separate distinct material.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the width of each gradient layer is between 1 micrometer and 1 centimeter.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein there are at least three distinct materials each separated by at least one distinct compositional gradient region.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein there are at least two distinct compositional gradient transition regions between each distinct material.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one gradient transition region is formed additively, by the addition of one gradient layer at a time.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the additive process is selected from the group consisting of laser deposition, wire-fed freeform, ultrasonic additive manufacturing, sintering blended powders, thermal spray coating, melt pool coating, chemical desegregation, and dip coating.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the compositional gradient pathway is determined by plotting a compositional line along a phase diagram of the at least two distinct materials.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the line is continuous, and is one of either a straight or a curve line.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the line is discontinuous.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the phase diagram of a distinct material with greater than three constituents is simplified into a ternary phase diagram based on the three highest concentration constituents of said distinct material.
15. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the phase diagram is a quasi-phase diagram representing more than three separate constituents.
16. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising determining the compositional gradient pathway by additively forming and experimentally observing a plurality of distinct gradient layers for undesirable compositional phases.
17. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising determining the compositional gradient pathway by using a solid state diffusion technique to test a plurality of distinct gradient layers for undesirable compositional phases.
18. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising inserting at least one additive material, that is one of either insoluble or has a melting temperature higher than the processing temperature, into said compositional gradient transition region to form a composite structure.
19. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising cooling at least one of the layers of said article at a cooling rate sufficient to form one of either an amorphous or nanocrystalline structure within said layer.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein the cooling comprises a technique selected from the group consisting of quenching, increasing the deposition velocity of the layer, and blowing gas over the layer.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the distinct materials have at least one mechanical or thermophysical property that is distinct and divergent from each other.
22. The method according to claim 21 , wherein the at least one divergent mechanical or thermophysical property is selected from the group consisting of weldability, hardness, toughness, ductility, magnetism, crystalline structure, melting temperature, amorphous nature, density, monolithic or composite nature, elasticity, fracture toughness, fatigue limit, corrosiveness, oxidizability, catalytic properties, reactivity, electrical properties, cellular nature, resistivity, dielectric constant, modulus, Poisson ratio, reflectivity, processing temperature, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, and tensile strength.
23. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the distinct materials are selected from the group consisting of elemental metals, metal alloys, oxides, ceramics, glasses, metallic glasses, cellular materials, and composite materials.
24. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the distinct materials and the gradient transition regions are selected from the group consisting of stainless steel to Fe64Ni36, Fe—Ni—Cr stainless steel to Fe—Ni alloy, Fe—Ni—Cr stainless steel to Fe, Fe—Ni—Cr stainless steel to Ni, Fe—Ni—Cr stainless steel to Cr, metals to refractory metals, stainless steel to non-stainless steel, between distinct aluminum alloys, Ti alloys to refractory metals, Ti alloys to other metals, shape memory alloys to non-shape memory metals and alloys, Fe or Fe alloys to Fe alloys containing one of Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Cr, Zr, Ta, V, Nb and Ti, between precious metals and precious metal alloys, between solder alloys, and metal to carbide.
25. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of jewelry, optics, solders, silencers, rocket nozzles, flexures, compliant mechanisms, valve stems, knives, watches, biomedical implants, ceramic inserts, gears, electronic cases, golf clubs, tools, metal pipes, bullets, ballistic armor, body armor, guns, jet engine components, car engine components, cellular structures, magnetic motors, and switches.