Method of binding nanoparticles to glass
Provided herein are nanoparticulate coated structures and methods of making structures. The structures comprise a support element, a nanoparticulate layer, and a binder disposed on the support element, wherein the binder comprises an alkali silicate or borate. In addition, methods of making the structures and uses of the described structures are described herein.
1. A structure comprising:
a. a support element;
b. a nanoparticulate layer;
c. a binder; and
d. a capping layer disposed onto the binder and nanoparticulate layer;
wherein the binder consists essentially of an inorganic network structure that comprises silicon dioxide and an alkali silicate, alkali borate, alkali phosphate or combinations thereof,
wherein the network structure is a glass that is consolidated from about 300° C. to about 750° C.,
wherein the glass is ion-exchangeable, and
further wherein the nanoparticulate layer is embedded in the binder.
2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of silicon dioxide to alkali silicate, borate, or phosphate comprises a ratio from about 0.05:1 to about 20.0:1.
3. The structure of claim 2 , wherein the binder consists essentially of an inorganic network structure that comprises silicon dioxide at a weight percent from about 0.1 to about 40.0 and an alkali silicate, alkali borate, alkali phosphate or combinations thereof.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the support element comprises a glass or glass ceramic.
5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the capping layer comprises a silicate, a siloxane, a silane or a silsesquioxane.
6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles comprising solid nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanoshells, or combinations thereof.
7. The structure of claim 6 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises from about a monolayer to a multilayer of nanoparticles.
8. The structure of claim 6 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter of about 10 nm to about 10,000 nm.
9. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles comprising a glass, ceramic, glass ceramic, polymer, metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal phosphate, inorganic composite, organic composite, inorganic/organic composite, silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, or combinations thereof.
10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the glass has been subjected to an ion exchange process, and further wherein the compressive stress of the glass is about equivalent to the compressive stress of the support element subjected to an ion exchange process.
11. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the glass has been subjected to an ion exchange process, and further wherein the depth of layer of the glass is about equivalent to the depth of layer of the support element subjected to an ion exchange process.
12. A method of forming the structure of claim 1 , comprising:
a) providing the support element;
b) forming the nanoparticulate layer on said support element;
c) forming the binder on said support element;
d) forming the capping layer; and
e) heating said support element comprising said nanoparticulate layer, said binder, and optionally, said capping layer, from about 300° C. to about 750° C. to form the binder into an inorganic network structure consisting essentially of the silicon dioxide and the alkali silicate, alkali borate, alkali phosphate, or combinations thereof,
wherein the network structure is consolidated as a glass during the heating, and
wherein the glass is ion-exchangeable, and
further wherein the nanoparticulate layer is embedded within the binder.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ratio of silicon dioxide to alkali silicate, borate, or phosphate comprises a ratio from about 0.05:1 to about 20.0:1.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the binder consists essentially of an inorganic network structure that comprises silicon dioxide at a weight percent from about 0.1 to about 40.0 and an alkali silicate, alkali borate, alkali phosphate or combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the support element comprises a glass or glass ceramic.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the capping layer comprises a silicate, a siloxane, a silane or a silsesquioxane.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the binder comprises dip coating, spin coating, slot coating, Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, electrospray ionization, direct nanoparticle deposition, vapor deposition, chemical deposition, vacuum filtration, flame spray, electrospray, spray deposition, electrodeposition, screen printing, close space sublimation, nano-imprint lithography, in situ growth, microwave assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, arc discharge or chemical etching.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the nanoparticulate layer comprises dip coating, slot coating, spin coating, Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, electrospray ionization, direct nanoparticle deposition, vapor deposition, chemical deposition, vacuum filtration, flame spray, electrospray, spray deposition, electrodeposition, screen printing, close space sublimation, nano-imprint lithography, in situ growth, microwave assisted chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, arc discharge or chemical etching.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles comprising solid nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, nanorods, nanoshells, or combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises from about a monolayer to a multilayer of nanoparticles.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles having an average diameter of about 10 nm to about 10,000 nm.
22. The method of claim 12 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer comprises nanoparticles comprising a glass, ceramic, glass ceramic, polymer, metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal phosphate, inorganic composite, organic composite, inorganic/organic composite, or silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, or combinations thereof.
23. The method of claim 12 , further comprising subjecting the structure to an ion exchange process.
24. A structure comprising:
a. a support element;
b. a nanoparticulate layer comprising a glass or glass ceramic;
c. a binder consisting essentially of a network structure, the network structure comprising silicon dioxide and an alkali silicate, alkali borate, alkali phosphate or combinations thereof; and
d. a capping layer disposed on the binder and nanoparticulate layer,
wherein the network structure is a glass that is consolidated from about 300° C. to about 750° C.,
wherein the glass is ion-exchangeable, and
further wherein the nanoparticulate layer is embedded in the binder.
25. The structure of claim 24 , wherein the binder thickness is less than the average diameter of a feature of said nanoparticulate layer.
26. The structure of claim 24 , wherein the nanoparticulate layer further comprises silica, alumina, titania or zirconia.
27. The structure of claim 26 , wherein the binder thickness is less than the average diameter of a feature of said nanoparticulate layer.