System of audio speakers implemented using EMP actuators
A localized multimodal haptic system includes one or more electromechanical polymer (EMP) transducers, each including an EMP layer, such as an electrostrictive polymer active layer. In some applications the EMP transducer may perform an actuator function or a sensor function, or both. The EMP polymer layer has a first surface and a second surface on which one or more electrodes are provided. The EMP layer of the EMP actuator may be 5 microns thick or less. The EMP transducers may provide local haptic response to a local a stimulus. In one application, a touch sensor may be associated with each EMP transducer, such that the haptic event at the touch sensor may be responded to by activating only the associated EMP transducer. Furthermore, the EMP transducer may act as its own touch sensor. A variety of haptic responses may be made available. The EMP transducers may be used in various other applications, such as providing complex surface morphology and audio speakers.
1. A system of audio speakers, comprising a plurality of individually controlled electromechanical polymer (EMP) actuators each comprising a plurality of EMP layers between a pair of electrodes, the electrodes being provided to allow, alternatively, charging the EMP layers during a sensing operation and receiving an excitation signal for driving the EMP layers in mechanical motion, wherein each EMP actuator, when activated by an excitation signal within the audio frequency range, provides an audible sound having frequencies substantially those in the excitation signal and wherein the EMP actuators are arranged in a predetermined patterned on a substrate, being organized to selectively assume any one of two or more configurations, such that in a first configuration, the EMP actuators are activated by the some excitation signal to achieve a desired audio volume for a predetermined sound and, in a second configuration, the EMP actuators are each selectively activated by a predetermined one of two or more excitation signals that are different from each other, so that the EMP actuators reproduce a predetermined combination of sounds.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the excitation signal includes one or more frequencies within the range of 400-10000 Hz.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators are arranged in sufficiently close vicinity of each other, such that constructive interference results when EMP actuators within a pre-determined distance of each other activated.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the substrate vibrates in concert with the actuated EMP actuators.
5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller providing the activation signal to each of the EMP actuators.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprise an electrostrictive polymer and a force receiving surface that transmits a mechanical force to the EMP layer, the force receiving surface allowing a sensing operation that detects the mechanical force at the force receiving surface.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprise one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of a polymer, copolymer, or terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprise a polymer selected from a group of polymers consisting of: P(VDF x -TrFE y -CFE 1-x-y ) (CFE: chlorofluoroethylene), P(VDF x -TrFE y -CTFE 1-x-y ) (CTFE: chlorotrifluoroethylene), Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-vinylidede chloride) (P(VDF-TrFE-VC)), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-T E-CTFE)), poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene- hexafluoropropylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethy)ene-tetrafluoroethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tri fluoroethylene-vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro (methy) vinyl ether)), poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-bromotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-vinylidene chloride), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene vinylidene chloride), where x has a value in the range between 0.5 and 0.75, y has a value in the range between 0.45 and 0.2.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprise a P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) or P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) terpolymer.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprises a high energy electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE).
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each comprise a blend of electrostrictive polymers with PVDF and PVDF copolymers.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the blend includes one or more of P(VDF-CTFE), P(VDF-HFP), P(VDF-CFE), P(VDF-TrFE), and P(VDF-TFE) polymers.
13. The electromechanical system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP layers each having a thickness less than 10.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the EMP layers in the EMP actuators are of different thicknesses.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the EMP actuators have EMP layers that are of different sizes.
16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the EMP layers are each between 0.1um to 10 um thick.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the EMP layers is 5 microns thick or less.
18. The system of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the EMP layers is 3 microns thick or less.
19. The system of claim 13 , wherein the EMP actuators each comprise multiple component actuators stacked together, the component actuators being of a different size, a different layer thickness, or a different number of EMP layers relative to each other.
20. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators each have a response latency of less than 40 milliseconds.
21. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators each have a decay time of less than 40 milliseconds.
22. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators are transparent.
23. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators are semitransparent.
24. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EMP actuators are opaque.