Self-assembled surfactant structures
Stabilized surfactant-based membranes and methods of manufacture thereof. Membranes comprising a stabilized surfactant mesostructure on a porous support may be used for various separations, including reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. The membranes are stabilized after evaporation of solvents; in some embodiments no removal of the surfactant is required. The surfactant solution may or may not comprise a hydrophilic compound such as an acid or base. The surface of the porous support is preferably modified prior to formation of the stabilized surfactant mesostructure. The membrane is sufficiently stable to be utilized in commercial separations devices such as spiral wound modules. Also a stabilized surfactant mesostructure coating for a porous material and filters made therefrom. The coating can simultaneously improve both the permeability and the filtration characteristics of the porous material.
1. A filter comprising a porous plastic material comprising a functionalized top surface, said top surface of said porous plastic material coated with a hydrophilic coating comprising an inorganic mesophase derived from a sol-gel precursor, said inorganic mesophase comprising surfactant molecules, wherein the hydrophilic coating comprising the inorganic mesophase derived from the sol-gel precursor allows for transport across the inorganic mesophase and the porous plastic material.
2. The filter of claim 1 wherein said inorganic mesophase comprises silica or alumina or a combination thereof.
3. The filter of claim 1 wherein said hydrophilic coating comprises a stabilized surfactant mesostructure, said stabilized surfactant mesostructure comprising one or more single chain surfactants.
4. The filter of claim 3 wherein said single chain surfactants have a charge selected from the group consisting of anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic, and combinations thereof.
5. The filter of claim 3 wherein said stabilized surfactant mesostructure comprises between approximately 1 and approximately 20 wt % surfactants.
6. The filter of claim 1 wherein an average pore size of said hydrophilic coating is less than an average pore size of said porous plastic material.
7. The filter of claim 1 having an average pore size greater than 0.001 microns.
8. The filter of claim 1 wherein said porous plastic material has an average pore size between 0.002 microns and approximately 0.4 microns.
9. The filter of claim 1 wherein a molecular weight cutoff of said filter is less than a molecular weight cutoff of said porous plastic material.
10. The filter of claim 1 wherein said porous plastic material has a molecular weight cutoff between approximately 100 daltons and approximately 500,000 daltons.
11. The filter of claim 1 wherein said porous plastic material comprises a filter selected from the group consisting of a microfiltration membrane, an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane, a backflushable membrane, and a reverse osmosis membrane.
12. The filter of claim 1 wherein said porous plastic material comprises polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), polyvinyldiflouride (PVDF), poly acrylic nitrile (PAN), or a blend thereof.
13. The filter of claim 1 wherein a water permeability of said filter is at least 10% greater than a water permeability of said porous plastic material.
14. The filter of claim 1 wherein an emulsion permeability of said filter is at least 10% greater than an emulsion permeability of said porous plastic material.
15. The filter of claim 1 wherein rejection of a substance by said filter is at least 10% greater than rejection of said substance by said porous plastic material.
16. The filter of claim 15 wherein said substance is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, a salt, an organic material, total dissolved solids, and an emulsion.
17. The filter of claim 13 wherein rejection of a substance by said filter is at least 10% greater than rejection of said substance by said porous plastic material.
18. The filter of claim 17 wherein said substance is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, a salt, an organic material, total dissolved solids, and an emulsion.
19. The filter of claim 14 wherein rejection of a substance by said filter is at least 10% greater than rejection of said substance by said porous plastic material.
20. The filter of claim 19 wherein said substance is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, a salt, an organic material, total dissolved solids, and an emulsion.
21. The filter of claim 1 wherein turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said filter is at least 10% lower than turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said porous plastic material.
22. The filter of claim 13 wherein turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said filter is at least 10% lower than turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said porous plastic material.
23. The filter of claim 14 wherein turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said filter is at least 10% lower than turbidity of a filtrate filtered by said porous plastic material.
24. The filter of claim 1 wherein a diameter of a drop of water wetting said filter is at least approximately 10% greater than a diameter of a drop of water of the same volume wetting said porous plastic material.
25. The filter of claim 1 comprising a partially or completely electrostatic separation mechanism.
26. The filter of claim 1 formed into an element used in a water treatment system.
27. The filter of claim 26 wherein said element comprises a spiral wound element.
28. The filter of claim 26 wherein said water treatment system comprises a two stage process comprising a microfiltration/ultrafiltration stage and a reverse osmosis stage.
29. The filter of claim 1 useful for filtering a fluid selected from the group consisting of wastewater, wastewater comprising surfactants, wastewater comprising an emulsion, bilge water, grey water, laundry water, and emulsions.
30. A forward osmosis membrane comprising the filter of claim 1 .
31. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 30 having a first molecular weight cutoff when said membrane is used in a reverse osmosis configuration and a second molecular weight cutoff when said membrane is used in a forward osmosis configuration, said first molecular weight cutoff being at least an order of magnitude different than said second molecular weight cutoff.
32. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 30 wherein a forward osmosis flux is greater than approximately 60 LMH and urea rejection is greater than approximately 60%.
33. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 30 which utilizes a forward osmosis separation method that is not a solution diffusion mechanism.
34. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 30 useful for filtering a fluid selected from the group consisting of wastewater, wastewater comprising surfactants, wastewater comprising an emulsion, bilge water, grey water, laundry water, and emulsions.