Methods for modulating photosynthetic activity

1. A method for modulating transpiration in an organism that is capable of photosynthesis, wherein the method comprises contacting the organism with a composition comprising an effective amount of an oxygen antagonist, wherein the oxygen antagonist comprises a hydrogen sulfide prodrug or salt thereof, wherein the prodrug is a hydrogen sulfide releasing polymer of Formula II:

wherein

R 4 is selected from amino, alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, and heteroarylene;

R 5 is selected from alkylene, and arylene;

R 6 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl; and

n is from 1 to 1,000.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen sulfide releasing polymer is co-polymerized with a polycarbonate, polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, or a mixture thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a gas, liquid, gel, topical spray, coating, or a suspension.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises an excipient.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the excipient is selected from a fungicide, antibiotic, antiviral, pesticide, growth regulator, nutrient, fertilizer, filler, surfactant, wetting agent, inert additive, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step is dependent upon the amount of light that irradiates the organism.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting occurs between sunset and sunrise and does not occur between sunrise and sunset.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step is dependent upon the time of day.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein sunrise and/or sunset comprise an artificially induced light-dark cycle.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the artificially induced light-dark cycle comprises artificial light, artificially induced darkness, shading, or a combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition inhibits light-independent (i.e., “dark”) photosynthetic reactions within the organism.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition reduces stomatal conductivity.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step is dependent upon the temperature of the organism.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step occurs above a threshold temperature.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the threshold temperature is about 30° C.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step is dependent upon the amount of CO 2 that is absorbed by the organism.

17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising reducing the rate of absorption of atmospheric CO 2 by the organism.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step is dependent upon the amount of moisture that is present in the soil surrounding the roots of the organism.

19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the amount of moisture that is present in the soil surrounding the roots of the organism.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step comprises adding the composition to the atmosphere that contacts the organism.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step comprises coating at least a portion of the organism with the oxygen antagonist.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step comprises providing the oxygen antagonist to the roots of an organism, wherein the organism is a plant.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the contacting step comprises providing the oxygen antagonist to the roots of the plant via drip irrigation.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises adjusting the amount of the composition that is provided to the organism.

25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organism is grown in a controlled environment.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the controlled environment is a greenhouse, grow-house, or grow room.

27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organism comprises algae.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the algae produces a feedstuff or feedstock.

29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organism is a plant.

30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the plant is grown on a farm, orchard, or in a forest.

31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the plant produces a grain, fruit, vegetable, feedstuff, or feedstock.

32. The method of claim 29 , wherein the plant produces soybean, corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, rape, millet, rice, sunflower, cotton, sugar beets, bananas, strawberries, blueberries, almonds, grapes, mango, papaya, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, cucurbits, cucumbers, melons, watermelons, garlic, onions, carrots, cabbage, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa, trefoil, clovers, flax, herb, grass, lettuce, sugar cane, tea, tobacco, coffee, or adornment.

33. The method of claim 29 , wherein the plant is a tree.

34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the composition is provided into the vasculature system of the tree or to the immediate proximity thereof.

35. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is at least partially automated.

36. A method for modulating transpiration in an organism that is capable of photosynthesis, comprising:

contacting the organism with an initial concentration of a composition comprising an effective amount of an oxygen antagonist, wherein the oxygen antagonist comprises a hydrogen sulfide prodrug or salt thereof, wherein the prodrug is a hydrogen sulfide releasing polymer of Formula II:

wherein

R 4 is selected from amino, alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, and heteroarylene;

R 5 is selected from alkylene, and arylene;

R 6 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl; and

n is from 1 to 1,000;

measuring at least one parameter; and

increasing or decreasing the initial concentration of the composition that is contacted with the organism;

wherein the parameter is selected from the group consisting of:

the amount of light that irradiates the organism;

the temperature of the organism;

the amount of CO 2 that is absorbed by the organism;

the amount of moisture that is present in the soil surrounding the roots of the organism; and

the concentration of the composition within the organism.

37. The method of claim 36 , further comprising determining an optimum concentration at which the composition should be contacted with the organism, wherein the optimum concentration is based on a goal selected from the group consisting of:

maximizing the yield of a crop that is produced by the organism;

minimizing the amount of water that is provided to the organism;

minimizing the amount of water that is transpired by the organism;

minimizing the amount of fertilizer that is provided to the organism; and

minimizing the cost of growing the organism.