Biomarkers associated with autoimmune diseases of the lung
The present disclosure is generally related to pulmonary autoantigens. The disclosure provides methods and kits for assessing whether a subject has or is predisposed to interstitial lung disease. Additionally the present disclosure provides methods of treatment and animal models of interstitial lung disease.
1. A method for assessing whether a mammalian patient has or is predisposed to an interstitial lung disease (ILD), said method comprising:
a) performing an antibody-based assay to quantitate lung autoantigen-reactive autoantibodies in a biological sample from the patient, wherein the lung autoantigen is a long palate, lung, and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 1 (LPLUNC1) or a LPLUNC1-like protein comprising the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO:2; and
b) detecting an elevated level of the lung autoantigen-reactive autoantibodies in said biological sample as compared to a control biological sample thereby determining the patient has ILD or a predisposition to ILD.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lung autoantigen is a long palate, lung, and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 1 (LPLUNC 1).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lung autoantigen is a LPLUNC1-like protein comprising the amino acid sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is selected from a group consisting of blood, plasma, serum, bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient has or is suspected of having a systemic autoimmune disease.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the systemic autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody-based assay is selected from the group consisting of ELISA, Western blotting, immunofluorescence analysis, flow cytometry, and antibody microarray.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said antibody-based assay comprises a first reagent that specifically binds to said lung autoantigen-reactive autoantibodies, and a second reagent for detecting said autoantibodies, wherein said first reagent is the lung autoantigen or a cell expressing the lung autoantigen, and said second reagent comprises a secondary antibody that is reactive with constant regions of the autoantibodies.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing one or both of a pulmonary function test and a high resolution computed tomography scan on said patient.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: c) administering a treatment to the patient when the elevated level of the lung autoantigen-reactive autoantibodies is detected.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment is selected from the group consisting of a corticosteroid, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment comprises a mucosal tolerance regimen comprising dispensing a formulation to the patient by an oral or an intra-nasal route, wherein the formulation comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and an effective amount of the lung autoantigen, or a peptide derived therefrom.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment comprises a parenteral tolerance regimen comprising dispensing a formulation to the patient by intravenous or subcutaneous injection, wherein the formulation comprises an effective amount of the lung autoantigen, a peptide derived therefrom, or a nucleic acid encoding the lung autoantigen in operable combination with a regulatory sequence.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment comprises an antigen-coupled cell tolerance regimen comprising dispensing a formulation to the patient by intravenous injection, wherein the formulation comprises an effective amount of the lung autoantigen, or a peptide derived therefrom, wherein the autoantigen or the peptide is coupled to ethylene carbodiimide-fixed, autologous antigen presenting cells.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment comprises a regulatory T cell regimen comprising dispensing a formulation to the patient by intravenous injection, wherein the formulation comprises an effective amount of ex vivo-expanded lung autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells.