Modulators of aldhehyde dehydrogenase activity and methods of use thereof

1. A method of reducing a level of an aldehyde present at a toxic level in an individual to below the toxic level or treating an ischemic stress condition, a skin disorder, an ocular disorder, an acute or a chronic free-radical associated disease, or a heart condition in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a compound of compound of Formula I:

wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is independently selected from H; a halo; a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group;

wherein A is C or S and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S; and

wherein Ar 1 is a benzodioxole and Ar 2 is a substituted pyridine oxide;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substituted pyridine oxide is selected from

wherein R 9 to R 12 is each independently selected H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula Ia:

wherein X n and X y are each independently O;

wherein . . . (dotted line) is a bond;

wherein z is the integer 1;

wherein n is the integer 1;

wherein y is the integer 1;

wherein A=C or S, and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S;

wherein Ar is independently a substituted pyridine oxide of a formula selected from:

wherein R 9 to R 12 is each independently selected from H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula a:

wherein R 1 to R 4 is each independently selected from H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula b:

wherein R 1 to R 4 is each independently selected from H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula c:

wherein R 1 to R 4 is each independently selected from such group, but not limit to, H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halo is bromo, fluoro, chloro or iodo.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aldehyde is produced by in vivo metabolism of a compound that is ingested.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound is administered to an individual following excessive alcohol consumption.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the compound is administered to reduce one or more symptoms of excess alcohol consumption, wherein the symptoms are selected from a group consisting of headache, dehydration, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, anxiety, irritability, photophobia, and phonophobia.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acute or chronic free-radical associated disease is selected from the group consisting of seizures, skin damage from UV exposure, photodamage of skin, acute thermal skin burn injury, tissue hyperoxia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by a route selected from intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral.

16. A method of reducing a level of an aldehyde present at a toxic level in an individual to below the toxic level or treating an ischemic stress condition, a skin disorder, an ocular disorder, an acute or a chronic free-radical associated disease, or a heart condition in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a compound of compound of Formula II:

wherein X n and X y are each independently O; where n is the integer 1; where y is the integer 1;

wherein . . . (dotted line) is a bond; where z is the integer 1;

wherein A is C or S, and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S;

wherein Ar is a substituted pyridine oxide; and

wherein R 1 to R 6 is each independently selected from H; a halo; a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the substituted pyridine oxide is of a formula selected from:

wherein R 9 to R 12 is each independently selected from H; a halo; an aliphatic group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic group; an ether; a substituted or unsubstituted amine; an ester; and an amide group.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the aldehyde is produced by in vivo metabolism of a compound that is ingested.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the compound is administered to an individual following excessive alcohol consumption.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the acute or chronic free-radical associated disease is selected from the group consisting of seizures, skin damage from UV exposure, photodamage of skin, acute thermal skin burn injury, tissue hyperoxia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by a route selected from intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral.