Scaffold for bone and tissue repair in mammals
A mammalian tissue scaffold and method for making a tissue scaffold including a rigid scaffold body of biocompatible glass fibers bonded together and in special alignment to define open channels within the scaffold to allow fluid flow into and within the scaffold.
1. A tissue scaffold for repair and regeneration of bone hard tissue or muscle, skin, or organ soft tissue, the scaffold comprising:
a rigid scaffold body having a scaffold central axis, a scaffold transverse dimension, and a scaffold lengthwise dimension which is greater than the scaffold transverse dimension, the scaffold body having a compressive strength between about 20 and about 250 MPa and comprising:
biocompatible inorganic glass fibers each having a fiber transverse dimension and a fiber lengthwise dimension which is at least about 10 times the fiber transverse dimension; and
wherein each of the fibers has a diameter between about 20 and about 5000 microns;
wherein at least about 75 vol % of the fibers are longitudinally co-aligned and lie generally lengthwise of the scaffold central axis, are generally free of helical orientation about the scaffold central axis, and are arranged to define open channels within the scaffold which allow fluid flow into and lengthwise within the scaffold; and
wherein adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers are bonded together.
2. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein each fiber among the at least about 75 vol % of fibers has an alignment along at least about 75% of its length which does not deviate more than about 25 degrees from parallel to the central axis of the scaffold.
3. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein each fiber among the at least about 75 vol % of fibers is generally straight.
4. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the scaffold body has an interconnected porosity.
5. The tissue scaffold of claim 4 wherein the fibers and the porosity cumulatively constitute at least about 75 vol. % of the scaffold body.
6. The tissue scaffold of claim 4 wherein the scaffold body consists essentially of the glass fibers and the porosity.
7. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the scaffold body has an interconnected porosity between about 10 vol. % and about 35 vol. % of the scaffold body.
8. The tissue scaffold of claim 5 wherein the scaffold body consists essentially of the glass fibers and the porosity.
9. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the fibers are bioactive glass fibers.
10. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the fibers are self-bonded together in that adjacent longitudinally aligned fibers are fused together.
11. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the scaffold body of fibers is filled with a polymer phase.
12. The tissue scaffold of claim 11 wherein the polymer phase comprises PMMA, PCL, or PLA.
13. The tissue scaffold of claim 11 wherein the polymer phase is a polymer selected from the group consisting of polycaprolactones (PCL), poly-L-Lactic acid (PL-LA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyacrylic acids (PAA), poly ethylene glycol (PEG), poly-L-Lactic gylcolic acid (PLGA), polyesters, polyalkenoics, polyolefins, polysulfones, poly(anhydrides), poly(hydroy acids), polyglycolides, polylactides, poly(propylene fumerates), polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyamino acids, poly)orthoesters), polyamides, poly(vinyl pryyolidones), poly(dioxanones), polyhydroxyvalyrates, polyhydroxybutyrates, biodegradable polycyanoacrylates, biodegradable polyurethanes, poly(methyl vinyl ether), poly(esteramides), polyketals, poly(glyconates), poly(maleic anhydride), poly (maleic acid), poly (alkylene succinates), poly(ppyrrole), polyphosphazines, poly(maleic anhydride), tyrosine-based polymers, polysaccharides, poly(alkylene oxalates), poly(orthocarbonates), poly(ethylene oxide), polyureas, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), polystyrene, polypropylene, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), non-biodegradable polyurethanes, co-polymers, adducts, and mixtures thereof.
14. The tissue scaffold of claim 1 wherein the rigid scaffold body further comprises a reinforcing tube of biodegradable polymer with the biocompatible inorganic glass fibers within the tube.
15. The tissue scaffold of claim 14 wherein the biodegradable polymer comprises PCL or PLA.
16. The tissue scaffold of claim 15 wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the group consisting of polycaprolactones (PCL), poly-L-Lactic acid (PL-LA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyacrylic acids (PAA), poly ethylene glycol (PEG), poly-L-Lactic gylcolic acid (PLGA), polyesters, polyalkenoics, polyolefins, polysulfones, poly(anhydrides), poly(hydroy acids), polyglycolides, polylactides, poly(propylene fumerates), polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyamino acids, poly)orthoesters), polyamides, poly(vinyl pryyolidones), poly(dioxanones), polyhydroxyvalyrates, polyhydroxybutyrates, biodegradable polycyanoacrylates, biodegradable polyurethanes, poly(methyl vinyl ether), poly(esteramides), polyketals, poly(glyconates), poly(maleic anhydride), poly (maleic acid), poly (alkylene succinates), poly(ppyrrole), polyphosphazines, poly(maleic anhydride), tyrosine-based polymers, polysaccharides, poly(alkylene oxalates), poly(orthocarbonates), poly(ethylene oxide), polyureas, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), polystyrene, polypropylene, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), non-biodegradable polyurethanes, co-polymers, adducts, and mixtures thereof.
17. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers are bonded together by adhesive or by fusing at a temperature at which the fibers soften and self-bond to each other.
18. The tissue scaffold of claim 17 wherein the adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers are bonded together by the adhesive, the adhesive is a polymer, and the adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers are bonded together by polymer bonding.
19. The tissue scaffold of claim 18 wherein the adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers have a coating of said polymer thereon.
20. The tissue scaffold of claim 19 wherein the polymer coating comprises polymer selected from the group consisting of PLA, PGA, and mixtures thereof.
21. The tissue scaffold of claim 19 wherein the polymer coating comprises polymer selected from the group consisting of polycaprolactones (PCL), poly-L-Lactic acid (PL-LA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyacrylic acids (PAA), poly ethylene glycol (PEG), poly-L-Lactic gylcolic acid (PLGA), polyesters, polyalkenoics, polyolefins, polysulfones, poly(anhydrides), poly(hydroy acids), polyglycolides, polylactides, poly(propylene fumerates), polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyamino acids, poly)orthoesters), polyamides, poly(vinyl pryyolidones), poly(dioxanones), polyhydroxyvalyrates, polyhydroxybutyrates, biodegradable polycyanoacrylates, biodegradable polyurethanes, poly(methyl vinyl ether), poly(esteramides), polyketals, poly(glyconates), poly(maleic anhydride), poly (maleic acid), poly (alkylene succinates), poly(ppyrrole), polyphosphazines, poly(maleic anhydride), tyrosine-based polymers, polysaccharides, poly(alkylene oxalates), poly(orthocarbonates), poly(ethylene oxide), polyureas, poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), polystyrene, polypropylene, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), non-biodegradable polyurethanes, co-polymers, adducts, and mixtures thereof.
22. The scaffold of claim 19 wherein the bonding is achieved by dissolving and re-solidifying the polymer coating.
23. The scaffold of claim 19 wherein the bonding is achieved by softening by heating then hardening by cooling the polymer coating.
24. The scaffold of claim 17 wherein the adjacent longitudinally co-aligned fibers are bonded together by the adhesive and the adhesive comprises an intermittent polymer coating on the fibers.
25. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein each of the fibers has a diameter between about 50 and about 400 microns.
26. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein each of the fibers has a diameter between about 100 and about 450 microns.