Low-conductivity contacting-type conductivity measurement

1. A method of measuring conductivity at or below 100 μS/cm of a liquid sample using a contacting-type conductivity sensor, the method comprising:

applying a first excitation current using an analyzer, through a first pair of leads, to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a first drive frequency, wherein the first pair of leads are placed in contact with the liquid sample having a source impedance that generates an error in conductivity measurement and wherein the excitation current at least partially extends through the liquid sample;

determining a first voltage response through a second pair of leads of the contacting-type conductivity sensor to the first excitation current using the analyzer;

applying a second excitation current using the analyzer, through the first pair of leads, to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a second drive frequency different than the first drive frequency;

determining a second voltage response through the second pair of leads of the contacting-type conductivity sensor to the second excitation current using the analyzer;

providing a corrected conductivity output based, at least in part, on the first and second voltage responses wherein the corrected conductivity output is a function of the first and second voltage responses, and comprises a reduced error with respect to the source impedance; and

wherein the second drive frequency is higher than the first drive frequency.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a conductivity output includes calculating a correction value equal to a difference between the first and second voltage responses multiplied by a constant.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the conductivity output is calculated by adding the first voltage response to the correction value.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first voltage response is a maximum peak-to-peak voltage measured across the conductivity sensor during application of the first excitation current.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the second voltage response is a maximum peak-to-peak voltage measured across the conductivity sensor during application of the second excitation current.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second excitation currents is a square wave.

7. The method of claim 1 , and further comprising:

applying a third excitation current to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a third drive frequency higher than the second drive frequency;

determining a third voltage response to the third excitation current; and

providing a conductivity output based, at least in part, on the first, second and third voltage responses.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein providing the conductivity output includes fitting the first, second and third voltage responses to an exponential curve.

9. A system for measuring conductivity of a liquid at or below 100 μS/cm, the system comprising:

a contacting-type conductivity sensor having a plurality of electrodes configured to contact the liquid, wherein the liquid has a source impedence;

an analyzer coupled to the contacting-type conductivity sensor via a multi-conductor cable having a capacitance that generates an error in the measurement, the analyzer being configured to:

apply a first excitation current, through a first pair of leads, to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a first drive frequency;

determine a first voltage response through a second pair of leads of the contacting-type conductivity sensor to the first excitation current;

apply a second excitation current, through the first pair of leads, to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a second drive frequency different than the first drive frequency;

determine a second voltage response through a second pair of leads of the contacting-type conductivity sensor to the second excitation current; and

provide a corrected conductivity output based, at least in part, on the first and second voltage responses, wherein the corrected conductivity output is a function of the first and second voltage responses and comprises a reduced error with respect to the capacitance, and wherein the second drive frequency is higher than the first drive frequency.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the analyzer is further configured to:

apply a third excitation current to the contacting-type conductivity sensor at a third drive frequency higher than the second drive frequency;

determine a third voltage response to the third excitation current; and

provide a conductivity output based, at least in part, on the first, second and third voltage responses.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein providing the conductivity output includes fitting the first, second and third voltage responses to an exponential curve.