Decellularized biologically-engineered tubular grafts

1. A decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix comprising circumferentially aligned fibers and exhibiting a burst pressure of at least 4000 mm Hg and greater tensile stiffness in the circumferential direction than in the longitudinal direction, wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix is made by a method comprising: preparing a hydrogel comprising matrix-producing cells, fibrinogen and thrombin, wherein the matrix-producing cells comprise fibroblasts and are grown for between three five and seven passages before being combined with the fibrinogen and thrombin; molding the hydrogel around a mandrel into a hollow tubular hydrogel; culturing the hollow tubular hydrogel under appropriate conditions that comprises circumferentially stretching or distending the hollow tube while providing or allowing for an axial length of the hollow tube to shorten, wherein, upon culturing the tubular hydrogel under appropriate conditions, the matrix-producing cells, the fibrinogen and the thrombin produce a cell-produced tubular extracellular matrix; removing the mandrel from the cell-produced tubular extracellular matrix; and decellularizing the cell-produced tubular extracellular matrix, thereby producing the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix.

2. A biologically-engineered, tubular valve comprising the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 .

3. The biologically-engineered, tubular valve of claim 2 , wherein the valve is selected from the group consisting of a bi-leaflet valve and a tri-leaflet valve.

4. The biologically-engineered, tubular valve of claim 2 , wherein the valve is a quad-leaflet valve.

5. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix has an average diameter of 0.5 mm to 6 mm.

6. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix has an average diameter of 5 mm to 12 mm.

7. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix has an average diameter of 10 mm to 20 mm.

8. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix has an average diameter of 18 mm to 24 mm.

9. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix is a vascular graft.

10. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 9 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix is an arterial graft.

11. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 9 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix is a venous graft.

12. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix is a graft selected from the group consisting of a urethra graft, a fallopian tube graft, a Vas deferens graft, and a Eustachian tube graft.

13. The decellularized, biologically-engineered, tubular extracellular matrix of claim 1 , wherein the fibroblasts are human dermal fibroblasts.