Nanopatterned substrate serving as both a current collector and template for nanostructured electrode growth
A process of forming and the resulting nano-pitted metal substrate that serves both as patterns to grow nanostructured materials and as current collectors for the resulting nanostructured material is disclosed herein. The nano-pitted substrate can be fabricated from any suitable conductive material that allows nanostructured electrodes to be grown directly on the substrate.
1. A method of constructing a nanobattery, said method comprising the steps of:
a. forming a nanostructured anode electrode directly on a nano-pitted anode substrate, wherein said nano-pitted anode substrate is an oxidized metal thin film configured as both an anode current collector and an anode growth substrate for said nanostructured anode electrode, including the step of nano-pitting said anode substrate through an electrochemical process;
b. forming a nanostructured cathode electrode directly on a nano-pitted cathode substrate, wherein said nano-pitted cathode substrate is an oxidized metal thin film configured as both a cathode current collector and a cathode growth substrate for said nanostructured cathode electrode, including the step of nano-pitting said cathode substrate through an electrochemical process; and
c. forming an electrolyte layer intermediate of said nanostructured anode cathode and said nanostructured anode to construct said nanobattery.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted anode substrate and/or said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted cathode substrate is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), carbon (C), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), graphite (C), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), selenium (Se), scandium (Sc), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr) or zinc (Zn).
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted anode substrate and/or said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted cathode substrate is selected from the group consisting of aluminum copper (AlCu), aluminum chromium (AlCr), aluminum magnesium (AlMg), aluminum silicon (AlSi), aluminum silver (AlAg), cerium gadolinium (CeGd), cerium samarium (CeSm), chromium silicon (CrSi), cobalt chromium (CoCr), cobalt iron (CoFe), cobalt iron boron (CoFeB), copper cobalt (CuCo), copper gallium (CuGa), copper indium (CuIn), copper nickel (CuNi), copper zirconium (CuZr), hafnium iron (HfFe), iron boron (FeB), iron carbon (FeC), iron manganese (FeMn), iridium manganese (IrMn), iridium rhenium (IrRe), indium tin (InSn), molybdenum silicon (MoSi), nickel aluminum (NiAl), nickel chromium (NiCr), nickel chromium silicon (NiCrSi), nickel iron (NiFe), nickel niobium titanium (NiNbTi), nickel titanium (NiTi), nickel vanadium (NiV), samarium cobalt (SmCo), silver copper (AgCu), silver tin (AgSn), tantalum aluminum (TaAl), terbium dysprosium iron (TbDyFe), terbium iron alloy (TbFe), titanium aluminum (TiAl), titanium nickel (TiNi), titanium chromium (TiCr), tungsten rhenium (WRe), tungsten titanium (WTi), zirconium aluminum (ZrAl), zirconium iron (ZrFe), zirconium nickel (ZrNi), zirconium niobium (ZrNb), zirconium titanium (ZrTi), zirconium yttrium (ZrY), zinc aluminum (ZnAl) or zinc magnesium (ZnMg).
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of forming said nanostructured anode electrode further comprises the step of depositing at least one anode material directly on said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted anode substrate and/or wherein said step of forming said nanostructured cathode electrode further comprises the step of depositing at least one cathode material directly on said oxidized metal thin film forming said nano-pitted cathode substrate.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said step of depositing said anode material and/or said step of depositing said cathode material is accomplished by sputter-coating, chemical vapor deposition or pulsed laser method.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said sputter-coating is selected from the group consisting of direct current sputter-coating, radio frequency sputter-coating, magnetron sputter-coating or reactive sputter-coating.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein said anode material and/or said cathode material is selected from the group consisting of conductive materials consisting of an oxide, polymeric, ceramic, mineral or metallic material.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said anode material is selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, graphite, a mixed metal oxide, hydroxyapatite, nichrome or graphite.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein said anode material further comprises tin oxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, magnesium oxide or silicon dioxide.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein said cathode material is selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, graphite, a copper oxide, graphite, a lithium-containing oxide, a phosphate, a fluorophosphate, a silicate, tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, nichrome or hydroxyapatite.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein said cathode material further comprises lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , zinc oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, nichrome, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , LiNixCO 1 _ 2x MnO 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , Li(Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 )O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , iron olivine (LiFePO 4 ), LiFe 1-x MgPO 4 , LiMoPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiVOPO 4 , LiMP 2 O 7 , LiFe 1.5 P 2 O 7 , LiVPO 4 F, LiAlPO 4 F, Li 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 , Li 5 Cr(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 , Li 2 CoPO 4 F, Li 2 NiPO 4 F, Li 2 FeSiO 4 , Li 2 MnSiO 4 or Li 2 VOSiO 4 .
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
a. chemically polishing a metal thin film in a first acid for a predetermined amount of polishing time;
b. oxidizing said metal thin film with an acidic solution in an electrochemical cell at a predetermined temperature, a first predetermined voltage potential and for a predetermined amount of oxidation time;
c. decreasing said first predetermined voltage potential at a predetermined step-down rate to a second predetermined voltage potential; and
d. etching said oxidized metal thin film with a second acid to form said anode nano-pitted substrate and/or said cathode nano-pitted substrate.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein each of said nano-pits of said nano-pitted anode substrate and said nano-pitted cathode substrate has a diameter of up to about 200 nanometers and a depth of up to about 150 nanometers.