Bivalent multifunctional ligands targeting Aβ oligomers as treatment for Alzheimer's disease
Bivalent multifunctional Aβ oligomerization inhibitors (BMAOIs) that target multiple risk factors involved in Alzheimer's disease are provided. The BMAOIs are useful for the treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's disease, as well as for diagnostic imaging of Aβ plaques in brain tissue. The BMAOIs comprise i) an Aβ oligomer (ApO)-inhibitor moiety which may have antioxidant activity (e.g. curcumin, curcumin derivatives, curcumin hybrids, resveratrol, etc.); ii) a cell membrane/lipid raft (CM/LR) anchoring moiety (e.g. cholesterol, cholesterylamine, a steroid, etc.); and iii) a spacer or linker moiety that stably links i) and ii) together.
1. A bivalent multifunctional AP oligomerization inhibitor (BMAOI) comprising
i) curcumin;
ii) a cell membrane/lipid raft (CM/LR) anchor selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, cholesterylamine, and diosgenin; and
iii) a spacer moiety which forms a chemical linkage between said curcumin and said CM/LR anchor, wherein said spacer moiety is 17-39 atoms in length.
2. The BMAOI of claim 1 , wherein said spacer moiety is 21 atoms in length.
3. The BMAOI of claim 1 , wherein said spacer moiety is chemically linked to carbon at position C4 of said curcumin.
4. The BMAOI of claim 1 , wherein said CM/LR anchor is cholesterol and said spacer moiety is chemically linked to O attached to position C3 of said cholesterol.
5. The BMAOI of claim 1 , wherein said CM/LR anchor is cholesterylamine and said spacer moiety is chemically linked to N attached to position C3 of said cholesterylamine.
6. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of
administering to said patient a bivalent multifunctional Aβ oligomerization inhibitor (BMAOI) comprising
i) curcumin;
ii) a cell membrane/lipid raft (CM/LR) anchor selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, cholesterylamine, and diosgenin; and
iii) a spacer moiety which forms a chemical linkage between said curcumin and said CM/LR anchor, wherein said spacer moiety is 17-39 atoms in length, wherein said BMAOI is administered in an amount sufficient to treat said AD in said patient.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein said bivalent multifunctional ligand is compound 14,
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein said bivalent multifunctional ligand is compound 51,
9. A method of imaging or visualizing β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in brain tissue, comprising the steps of
exposing said brain tissue to at least one bivalent multifunctional Aβ oligomerization inhibitor (BMAOI) comprising
i) curcumin;
ii) a cell membrane/lipid raft (CM/LR) anchor selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, cholesterylamine, and diosgenin; and
iii) a spacer moiety which forms a chemical linkage between said curcumin and said CM/LR anchor, wherein said spacer moiety is 17-39 atoms in length, and wherein said step of exposing is carried out under conditions that allow said at least one BMAOI to associate with said AP plaques in said brain tissue;
exposing said brain tissue to a source of electromagnetic radiation; and
detecting fluorescence emitted from BMAOIs associated with said Aβ plaques.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said bivalent multifunctional ligand is compound 14,
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein said bivalent multifunctional ligand is compound 51 ,
12. The BMAOI of claim 1 , wherein said spacer moiety includes at least one of a polyamine, a polyethylene glycol, and an amide.