SORBENTS FOR REMOVING MERCURY FROM EMISSIONS PRODUCED DURING FUEL COMBUSION
Activated carbon is rendered more thermally stable by exposure to a non-halogenated additive, and optionally to a halogen and/or a halogen-containing compound. Such treated carbon is suitable for use in mitigating the content of hazardous substances in flue gases, especially flue gases having a temperature within the range of from about 100° C. to about 420° C.
1 . An activated carbon that has been exposed to a non-halogenated additive comprising sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium sulfamate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine, melamine phosphate, boric acid/borate combination, silica gel/sodium carbonate, or urea/formaldehyde and, optionally to a halogen and/or a halogen-containing compound and that has at least one of the following: (i) a temperature of initial energy release that is greater than the temperature of initial energy release for the same activated carbon without exposure to the non-halogenated additive and, optionally to the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound; (ii) a self-sustaining ignition temperature that is greater than the self-sustaining ignition temperature for the same activated carbon without the exposure; or (iii) an early stage energy release value that is less than the early stage energy release value for the same activated carbon without the exposure.
2 . The activated carbon of claim 1 wherein the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound comprises bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, ammonium bromide, other nitrogen-containing halogen salts, or sodium bromide, potassium bromide, calcium bromide, or other inorganic bromide salts.
3 . A process for enhancing the thermal stability of activated carbon, which process comprises exposing the activated carbon to a non-halogenated additive comprising sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium sulfamate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine, melamine phosphate, boric acid/borate combination, silica gel/sodium carbonate, or urea/formaldehyde and, optionally to a halogen and/or a halogen-containing compound at a temperature and for a time sufficient so that activated carbon that has been exposed to the non-halogenated additive and, optionally to the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound has at least one of the following: (i) a temperature of initial energy release greater than the temperature of initial energy release for the same activated carbon prior to exposure to the non-halogenated additive and, optionally to the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound; (ii) a self-sustaining ignition temperature that is greater than the self-sustaining ignition temperature for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure; or (iii) an early stage energy release value that is less than the early stage energy release value for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure.
4 . The process of claim 3 wherein the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound comprises bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, ammonium bromide, other nitrogen-containing halogen salts, or sodium bromide, potassium bromide, calcium bromide, or other inorganic bromide salts.
5 . A non-halogenated additive comprising sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium sulfamate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine, melamine phosphate, boric acid/borate combination, silica gel/sodium carbonate, or urea/formaldehyde and, optionally a halogen and/or a halogen-containing compound exposed, activated carbon that contains from about 2 to about 20 wt % halogen and has at least one of the following: (i) a temperature of initial energy release that is greater than the temperature of initial energy release for the same activated carbon prior to exposure to the non-halogenated additive and, optionally the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound; (ii) a self-sustaining ignition temperature that is greater than the self-sustaining ignition temperature for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure; or (iii) an early stage energy release value that is less than the early stage energy release value for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure.
6 . The activated carbon of claim 5 wherein the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound comprises bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, ammonium bromide, other nitrogen-containing halogen salts, or sodium bromide, potassium bromide, calcium bromide or other inorganic bromide salts.
7 . A process for mitigating the atmospheric release gaseous hazardous substances from flue gases containing such substances, the process comprising contacting the flue gas with an activated carbon that has been exposed to a non-halogenated additive comprising sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium sulfamate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine, melamine phosphate, boric acid/borate combination, silica gel/sodium carbonate, or urea/formaldehyde and, optionally to a halogen and/or a halogen-containing compound and that has at least one of the following: (i) a temperature of initial energy release that is greater than the temperature of initial energy release for the same activated carbon prior to exposure to the non-halogenated additive and, optionally to the halogen and/or the halogen-containing compound; (ii) a self-sustaining ignition temperature that is greater than the self-sustaining ignition temperature for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure; or (iii) an early stage energy release value that is less than the early stage energy release value for the same activated carbon prior to the exposure.
8 . The process of claim 7 wherein the flue gas has a temperature within the range of from about 100° C. to about 420° C.