Mixture and method for simulating soiling and weathering of surfaces
This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to simulated soiling and weathering of materials. In one aspect, a soiling mixture may include an aqueous suspension of various amounts of salt, soot, dust, and humic acid. In another aspect, a method may include weathering a sample of material in a first exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light, water vapor, and elevated temperatures, depositing a soiling mixture on the sample, and weathering the sample in a second exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light, water vapor, and elevated temperatures.
1. A method of simulating the aging of a sample of a roofing material, the method comprising:
(a) weathering the sample positioned in a chamber in a first exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light, water vapor, and elevated temperatures, the first exposure including heating the sample to about 55° C. to 65° C. for about 7 hours to 9 hours, cooling the sample from about 55° C. to 65° C. to about 45° C. to 55° C., and exposing the sample to water vapor at about 45° C. to 55° C. for about 3 hours to 5 hours;
(b) after operation (a), depositing a soiling mixture on the sample, the soiling mixture comprising salt, soot, mineral dust, and humic acid, the mineral dust comprising iron oxide, montmorillonite, and bentonite; and
(c) after operation (b), weathering the sample positioned in the chamber in a second exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light, water vapor, and elevated temperatures, the second exposure including heating the sample to about 55° C. to 65° C. for about 7 hours to 9 hours, cooling the sample from about 55° C. to 65° C. to about 45° C. to 55° C., and exposing the sample to water vapor at about 45° C. to 55° C. for about 3 hours to 5 hours, operations (a), (b), and (c) aging the sample at an accelerated rate compared to aging of the sample in an outdoor environment.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultraviolet light in the first exposure is Ultraviolet A light.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first exposure is performed twice in a period of about 24 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first exposure and the second exposure include:
heating the sample to about 60° C. for about 8 hours;
cooling the sample from about 60° C. to about 50° C.; and
exposing the sample to water vapor at about 50° C. for about 4 hours.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultraviolet light in the second exposure is Ultraviolet A light.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second exposure is performed twice in a period of about 24 hours.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soiling mixture includes the salt at about 7% to 31% by weight, the soot at about 1% to 8% by weight, the mineral dust at about 16% to 79% by weight, and the humic acid at about 0% to 69% by weight.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soiling mixture includes the salt at about 18% to 27% by weight, the soot at about 4% to 12% by weight, the mineral dust at about 28% to 66% by weight, and the humic acid at about 8% to 36% by weight.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein each component in the soiling mixture is suspended in an aqueous medium when depositing the soiling mixture on the sample, the method further comprising:
drying the sample with a near infrared heat lamp after depositing the soiling mixture on the sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein operation (b) includes depositing the soiling mixture to substantially uniformly cover a surface of the sample.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein after operation (b) the sample is substantially uniformly covered with agglomerations of the soiling mixture, and wherein the agglomerations have a dimension of about 1.5 millimeters to 3 millimeters.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
prior operation (b), preparing the soiling mixture by mixing amounts of the salt, the soot, the mineral dust, and the humic acid in water.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein operation (b) is performed by spraying the soiling mixture on the sample using a nozzle.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
(d) after operation (c), measuring a solar reflectance spectra or a thermal emittance of the sample.
15. A method of simulating the aging of a sample of a roofing material, the method comprising:
(a) weathering the sample positioned in a chamber in a first exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light generated by an ultraviolet lamp, water vapor, and elevated temperatures generated by a heating element;
(b) after operation (a), depositing a specified soiling mixture on the sample by spraying the specified soiling mixture on the sample using a nozzle, the specified soiling mixture comprising salt, soot, mineral dust, and humic acid in an aqueous suspension, the mineral dust comprising iron oxide, montmorillonite, and bentonite;
(c) after operation (b), drying the sample with a near infrared heat lamp; and
(d) after operation (c), weathering the sample positioned in the chamber in a second exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light generated by the ultraviolet lamp, water vapor, and elevated temperatures generated by the heating elements, operations (a), (b), (c), and (d) aging the sample at an accelerated rate compared to aging of the sample in an outdoor environment.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first exposure and the second exposure include:
heating the sample to about 55° C. to 65° C. for about 7 hours to 9 hours;
cooling the sample from about 55° C. to 65° C. to about 45° C. to 55° C.; and
exposing the sample to water vapor at about 45° C. to 55° C. for about 3 hours to 5 hours.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first exposure and the second exposure include:
heating the sample to about 60° C. for about 8 hours;
cooling the sample from about 60° C. to about 50° C.; and
exposing the sample to water vapor at about 50° C. for about 4 hours.
18. A method of simulating the aging of a sample of a roofing material, the method comprising:
(a) mixing specified amounts of salt, soot, mineral dust, and humic acid in an aqueous solution to prepare a specified soiling mixture, the mineral dust comprising iron oxide, montmorillonite, and bentonite;
(b) weathering the sample positioned in a chamber in a first exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light generated by an ultraviolet lamp, water vapor, and elevated temperatures generated by a heating element;
(c) after operation (b), depositing the specified soiling mixture on the sample by spraying the specified soiling mixture on the sample using a nozzle; and
(d) after operation (c), weathering the sample positioned in the chamber in a second exposure of the sample to ultraviolet light generated by the ultraviolet lamp, water vapor, and elevated temperatures generated by the heating elements, operations (b), (c), and (d) aging the sample at an accelerated rate compared to aging of the sample in an outdoor environment.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first exposure and the second exposure include:
heating the sample to about 55° C. to 65° C. for about 7 hours to 9 hours;
cooling the sample from about 55° C. to 65° C. to about 45° C. to 55° C.; and
exposing the sample to water vapor at about 45° C. to 55° C. for about 3 hours to 5 hours.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first exposure and the second exposure include:
heating the sample to about 60° C. for about 8 hours;
cooling the sample from about 60° C. to about 50° C.; and
exposing the sample to water vapor at about 50° C. for about 4 hours.