Fuel cell system with interconnect
The present invention includes a fuel cell system having an interconnect that reduces or eliminates diffusion (leakage) of fuel and oxidant by providing an increased densification, by forming the interconnect as a ceramic/metal composite.
1. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a plurality of electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell including an anode, a cathode spaced apart from the anode, and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode; and
a plurality of interconnects, each interconnect being configured to conduct free electrons between electrochemical cells, wherein each interconnect includes at least one pre-mixed and sintered layer of a ceramic/metal composite; wherein the ceramic/metal composite is formed as a mixture of an electronically conductive ceramic phase and a metallic phase; and wherein the metallic phase is formed by one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys,
wherein, for each interconnect, the electronically conductive ceramic phase content is in the range of approximately 70-99v %, and the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys content is less than approximately 30v %.
2. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cells are arranged as a segmented-in-series configuration.
3. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cells are solid oxide fuel cells.
4. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the interconnect is configured to have a porosity of approximately 5% or less.
5. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys of the at least one pre-mixed and sintered layer are configured to fill pore spaces in the electronically conductive ceramic phase of the at least one pre-mixed and sintered layer.
6. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , further comprising an anode current collector electrically coupled to each anode; and a cathode current collector electrically coupled to each cathode, wherein the interconnect is disposed between and in contact with both an anode current collector of one electrochemical cell and a cathode current collector of an adjacent electrochemical cell in a first direction, and is disposed between an electrolyte of one electrochemical cell and an electrolyte of an adjacent electrochemical cell in a second direction.
7. The fuel cell system of claim 6 , further comprising a porous substrate tube and a porous anode barrier, wherein the porous anode barrier is disposed between each anode current collector and the porous substrate tube.
8. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes a doped lanthanum chromite [(La 1-x A x )(Cr 1-y B y )O 3 ], wherein A is Ca or Sr; B is Mn, V, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; x is less than 0.4; and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
9. The fuel cell system of claim 8 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes a doped yttrium chromite [(Y 1-x A x )(Cr 1-y B y )O 3 ], wherein A is Ca or Sr; B is Mn, V, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; x is less than 0.4; and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
10. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes doped strontium titanate [(Sr 1-x A x )(Ti 1-y B y )O 3 ], wherein A is La, Y or Yb; B is Mn, V, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; x is less than 0.4; and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
11. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes (La 1-x Sr x )(Ti 1-y Mn y O 3 ), wherein x is less than 0.4, and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
12. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the precious metals are one or more of Ag, Au, Pd and Pt.
13. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the precious metal alloys are one or more of Ag—Pd, Ag—Pt, Au—Pd, Au—Pt and Pd—Pt.
14. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a plurality of electrochemical cells in the form of solid oxide fuel cells; and
a plurality of interconnects, each interconnect being configured to conduct free electrons between adjacent electrochemical cells; wherein each interconnect is formed solely as a pre-mixed and sintered layer of a ceramic/metal composite; wherein the ceramic/metal composite is formed as a mixture of an electronically conductive ceramic phase and a metallic phase; and wherein the metallic phase is formed by one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys,
wherein, for each interconnect, the electronically conductive ceramic phase content is in the range of approximately 70-99v %, and the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys content is less than approximately 30v %.
15. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes a doped lanthanum chromite.
16. The fuel cell system of claim 15 , wherein the doped lanthanum chromite is LSCM (La 1-x Sr x Cr 1-y Mn y O 3 ), wherein x is less than 0.4, and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
17. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase includes doped strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) and/or (La 1-x Sr x )(Ti 1-y Mn y O 3 ), wherein x is less than 0.4, and y is less than or equal to 0.5.
18. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the precious metals are one or more of Ag, Au, Pd and Pt; and wherein the precious metal alloys are one or more of Ag—Pd, Ag—Pt, Au—Pd, Au—Pt and Pd—Pt.
19. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein, for each interconnect, the electronically conductive ceramic phase content is in the range of approximately 80-99v %; and the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys content is in the range of approximately 1-20v %.
20. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein for each interconnect, the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys content is in the range of approximately 30v % or more.
21. The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the metallic phase is formed by Cu and/or Mn in addition to the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys.
22. A method of making a fuel cell system, comprising:
forming a plurality of electrochemical cells; and
forming therewith a plurality of interconnects configured to conduct free electrons between adjacent electrochemical cells, wherein each interconnect is formed by:
pre-mixing an electronically conductive ceramic phase with a metallic phase to form a mixture, wherein the metallic phase is formed by one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys, and wherein the electronically conductive ceramic phase content of the mixture is in the range of approximately 70-99v %, and the one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys content of the mixture is less than approximately 30v %;
printing the mixture; and
sintering the mixture.
23. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a plurality of electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell including an anode, a cathode spaced apart from the anode, and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode;
a plurality of interconnects, each interconnect being configured to conduct free electrons between electrochemical cells, wherein each interconnect includes at least one pre-mixed and sintered layer of a ceramic/metal composite; wherein the ceramic/metal composite is formed as a mixture of an electronically conductive ceramic phase and a metallic phase; and wherein the metallic phase is formed by one or more precious metals and/or one or more precious metal alloys;
an anode current collector electrically coupled to each anode; and
a cathode current collector electrically coupled to each cathode, wherein the interconnect is disposed between and in contact with both an anode current collector of one electrochemical cell and a cathode current collector of an adjacent electrochemical cell in a first direction, and is disposed between an electrolyte of one electrochemical cell and an electrolyte of an adjacent electrochemical cell in a second direction; and
a porous substrate tube and a porous anode barrier, wherein the porous anode barrier is disposed between each anode current collector and the porous substrate tube.