Immunostimulatory compositions and methods of use thereof
Lipid conjugates for enhanced delivery of cargo to the lymph nodes are disclosed. The lipid conjugates typically include three domains: a lipophilic domain that binds to albumin, a polar block domain, and a cargo such as a molecular adjuvant or immunostimulatory compound (such as an oligonucleotide) or antigenic peptide. Depending on the cargo, the length and compositions of the polar block can be tailored to push the equilibrium toward albumin binding, stable micelle formation, or cell insertion. The conjugates can be administered to a subject, for example, a subject with cancer or an infection, to induce or enhance a robust immune response in the subject.
1. A vaccine adjuvant comprising a plurality of amphiphilic albumin-binding conjugates, wherein the conjugate comprises
(a) a lipid component;
(b) an optional polar component; and
(c) an immunomodulatory compound or molecular adjuvant;
wherein the immunomodulatory compound or molecular adjuvant is covalently linked to the lipid via a nucleotide or oligonucleotide linker comprising “n” guanines, wherein n is 1-10,
wherein the conjugate is sufficiently soluble such that the lipid binds to albumin under physiological conditions, and
wherein accumulation of the conjugate in the lymph node following administration to a subject in vivo is increased relative to administration of the immunomodulatory compound or molecular adjuvant alone.
2. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 1 wherein the nucleotide or oligonucleotide linker comprises “n” consecutive guanines, wherein n is 1 or 2.
3. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 1 comprising the structure L-5′-G n -ON-3′, wherein “L” is the lipid, “G” is a guanine, “n” is 1-10, and the immunomodulatory compound is an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide “ON”.
4. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 1 wherein the lipid is a diacyl lipid.
5. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 4 wherein the diacyl lipid comprises acyl chains comprising 12-30 hydrocarbon units.
6. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 1 wherein the immunomodulatory compound or molecular adjuvant is an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide that can bind a pattern recognition receptor.
7. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 6 wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide comprises CpG.
8. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 7 wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is a ligand for a Toll-like receptor.
9. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 7 wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide has a phosphorothioate (PS) backbone.
10. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 7 wherein the oligonucleotide comprises 20 or more nucleic acids.
11. An immunogenic composition comprising the adjuvant of claim 1 and an antigen.
12. The immunogenic composition of claim 11 wherein the antigen is an amphiphilic peptide conjugate comprising a peptide antigen which is linked to a linker which is conjugated to a lipid,
wherein the conjugate is sufficiently soluble such that the lipid binds to albumin under physiological conditions,
wherein the peptide antigen and linker in combination are sufficiently polar to reduce or inhibit insertion of the peptide conjugate into a cell's plasma membrane relative to the peptide conjugate in the absence of the linker, and
wherein accumulation of the peptide conjugate in the lymph node following administration to a subject in vivo is increased relative to administration of the antigenic peptide in the absence of the linker.
13. A method of treating cancer or an infectious disease comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the immunogenic composition of claim 11 to reduce one or more symptoms of the cancer or infectious disease compared to a control.
14. A method of increasing an immune response in a subject comprising administering the subject an effective amount of immunogenic composition of claim 11 to increase the immune response in the subject.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the subject has cancer or an infectious disease.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the immune response is an increase in the number of CD8+ T cell expressing TNF- or INF-compared to a control.
17. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 1 wherein a plurality of the conjugates can spontaneously form micelles in aqueous solution, and wherein the micelles can disassemble in the presence of albumin.
18. The conjugate of claim 1 wherein 50% or more of micelles disassemble in the presence of 20% fetal bovine serum.
19. A vaccine adjuvant comprising a plurality of oligonucleotide conjugates, wherein the conjugate comprises an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide which is linked to a linker comprising at least 3 consecutive guanines which is covalently conjugated to a lipid,
wherein a plurality of the oligonucleotide conjugates can spontaneously form micelles in aqueous solution, and
wherein more than 36% of the micelles are intact in the presence of 20% fetal bovine serum.
20. The vaccine adjuvant of claim 19 wherein the oligonucleotide conjugate comprises the structure L-5′-G n -ON-3′, wherein “L” the lipid, “G” is a guanine, “n” is 3-10, and “ON” is the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide.
21. An immunogenic composition comprising the adjuvant of claim 19 and an antigen.
22. The immunogenic composition of claim 12 wherein the linker of the peptide antigen comprises one or more units of polyethylene glycol.
23. The immunogenic composition of claim 22 wherein the linker of the peptide conjugate comprises “N” consecutive polyethylene glycol units, wherein N is between 25-50.
24. The immunogenic composition of claim 12 wherein the linker of the peptide conjugate is selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic polymers, a string of hydrophilic amino acids, polysaccharides or a combination thereof.
25. The immunogenic composition of claim 12 wherein the lipid of the peptide conjugate is a diacyl lipid.
26. The immunogenic composition of claim 12 wherein the acyl chains of the lipid of the peptide conjugate comprises 12-30 hydrocarbon units.