Hybrid carbon-metal interconnect structures

1. An apparatus comprising: a substrate; a metal interconnect layer disposed on and in direct contact with the substrate and to serve as a growth initiation layer for a graphene layer; and the graphene layer, wherein the graphene layer is formed directly on the metal interconnect layer, the metal interconnect layer and the graphene layer to route electrical signals;

a first dielectric layer disposed on the graphene layer, the first dielectric layer in direct contact with the graphene layer and to protect the graphene layer during a deposition of a second dielectric layer that uses oxygen plasma, radicals or ions in the deposition;

the second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer being in direct contact with the first dielectric layer,

wherein the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer are composed of one or more of silicon oxide, silicon carbide, silicon carbon nitride, or silicon nitride; and the metal interconnect layer has a (111) texture; and

a photosensitive material disposed on and in direct contact with the second dielectric layer.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the graphene layer includes one or more mono-layers of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs).

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

an interposer including the substrate,

wherein:

the substrate is composed of one or more of a semiconductor, glass, or metal;

the substrate does not include any active transistor devices formed on the substrate;

the metal interconnect layer is composed of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), or palladium (Pd); and

the metal interconnect layer and the graphene layer are to route the electrical signals through the interposer.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein material of the graphene layer is disposed on a top surface of the metal interconnect layer.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal interconnect layer and the graphene layer form a line structure, the apparatus further comprising:

a via structure, wherein electrically conductive material of the via structure terminates in the graphene layer.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes one or more passive electronic devices and does not include any active electronic devices.

7. A system comprising:

an interposer including a substrate, a metal interconnect layer disposed on and in direct contact with the substrate and to serve as a growth initiation layer for a graphene layer, and the graphene layer, the graphene layer is formed directly on the metal interconnect layer; and a die electrically coupled with the interposer, wherein the metal interconnect layer and the graphene layer are to route electrical signals of the die through the interposer;

a first dielectric layer disposed on the graphene layer, the first dielectric layer in direct contact with the graphene layer and to protect the graphene layer during a deposition of a second dielectric layer that uses oxygen plasma, radicals or ions in the deposition;

the second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer being in direct contact with the first dielectric layer,

wherein the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer are composed of one or more of silicon oxide, silicon carbide, silicon carbon nitride, or silicon nitride; and the metal interconnect layer has a (111) texture; and

a photosensitive material disposed on and in direct contact with the second dielectric layer.

8. The system of claim 7 , further comprising:

a circuit board, wherein the interposer is electrically coupled with the circuit board and the circuit board is to route the electrical signals of the die; and

one or more of an antenna, a display, a touchscreen display, a touchscreen controller, a battery, an audio codec, a video codec, a power amplifier, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a compass, a Geiger counter, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a speaker, or a camera coupled with the circuit board, wherein the system is one of a laptop, a netbook, a notebook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit, a digital camera, a portable music player, or a digital video recorder.

9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the substrate includes one or more passive electronic devices and does not include any active electronic devices.