Morphologically and size uniform monodisperse particles and their shape-directed self-assembly
Monodisperse particles having: a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology are disclosed. Due to their uniform size and shape, the monodisperse particles self assemble into superlattices. The particles may be luminescent particles such as down-converting phosphor particles and up-converting phosphors. The monodisperse particles of the invention have a rare earth-containing lattice which in one embodiment may be an yttrium-containing lattice or in another may be a lanthanide-containing lattice. The monodisperse particles may have different optical properties based on their composition, their size, and/or their morphology (or shape). Also disclosed is a combination of at least two types of monodisperse particles, where each type is a plurality of monodisperse particles having a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology; and where the types of monodisperse particles differ from one another by composition, by size, or by morphology. In a preferred embodiment, the types of monodisperse particles have the same composition but different morphologies. Methods of making and methods of using the monodisperse particles are disclosed.
1. A plurality of monodisperse particles, the particles each having:
a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice,
a uniform three-dimensional size, and
a uniform polyhedral morphology.
2. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 , wherein the particles are down-converting phosphor particles.
3. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 , wherein the particles are up-converting phosphors.
4. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing lattice is an yttrium-containing lattice.
5. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 4 , wherein the yttrium-containing lattice is selected from YF 3 , LiYF 4 , NaYF 4 , BaYF 3 , BaY 2 F 8 NaYF 4 , KYF 4 , Y 2 O 2 S, and Y 2 O 3 .
6. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 4 , further comprising a dopant selected from La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof.
7. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing lattice is a lanthanide-containing lattice.
8. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 7 , wherein the lanthanide-containing lattice is selected from LaF 3 , CeF 3 , PrF 3 , NeF 3 , PmF 3 , SmF 3 , EuF 3 , GdF 3 , TbF 3 , DyF 3 , HoF 3 , ErF 3 , TmF 3 , YbF 3 LuF 3 , NaGdF 3 , Gd 2 OS 2 , LiHoF 4 , LiErF 4 , CeO, SrS, CaS, and GdOCl.
9. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 7 , further comprising a dopant selected from Y, La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the dopant is not also the lattice lanthanide.
10. A security document having incorporated therein a plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 .
11. A fiber having incorporated therein a plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 .
12. A plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 further comprising a biological macromolecule bound or physically adsorbed to the particle surface.
13. A method for the preparation of monodisperse particles, the particles each having a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology, the method comprising the steps of:
in a reaction vessel, dissolving at least one precursor metal salt in a solvent to form a solution;
placing the reaction vessel in a heated salt bath having a temperature of at least about 340° C.;
applying heat to the salt bath to rapidly decompose the at least one precursor metal salt in the solution to form the monodisperse particles;
keeping the reaction vessel in the salt bath for a time sufficient to increase the size of the monodisperse particles;
removing the reaction vessel from the salt bath; and
quenching the reaction with ambient temperature solvent.
14. A method of claim 13 , wherein the solvent is a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene, oleylamine, trioctylamine, trioctylphospohine, squalene, trioctylphosphine oxide, or hexadecylamine.
15. A method of claim 13 , where the at least one precursor metal salt is selected from a trifluoroacetate, chloride, nitrate, acetylacetonate, acetate, a diethyl-dithiocarbamate salt, a 1,10 phenanthroline diethyl-dithiocarbamate salt, an oleate, or an oxalate.
16. A superlattice of assembled, monodisperse particles, the particles each having:
a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice,
a uniform three-dimensional size, and
a uniform polyhedral morphology.
17. The superlattice of claim 16 , wherein the particles are down-converting phosphor particles.
18. The superlattice of claim 16 , wherein the particles are up-converting phosphor particles.
19. The superlattice of claim 15 , wherein the particles are crystalline nanoparticles.
20. A combination of at least two types of monodisperse particles, wherein
each type is a plurality of monodisperse particles having a single pure crystalline phase of a rare earth-containing lattice, a uniform three-dimensional size, and a uniform polyhedral morphology; and
wherein the types of monodisperse particles differ from one another by composition, by size, or by morphology.
21. The combination of at least two types of monodisperse particles of claim 20 , wherein the types of monodisperse particles have the same composition but different morphologies.
22. Spherical monodisperse LiYF 4 :Yb,Er particles.
23. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 1 , wherein the particles are crystalline nanoparticles.
24. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 5 , further comprising a dopant selected from La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof.
25. The plurality of monodisperse particles of claim 8 , further comprising a dopant selected from Y, La, Ce, Pr, Ne, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the dopant is not also the lattice lanthanide.
26. A plurality of mondisperse particles of claim 1 wherein the single pure crystalline phase is a beta-phase.
27. A plurality of mondisperse particles of claim 5 wherein the single pure crystalline phase is a beta-phase.