Active manipulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in metamaterials

1. An apparatus for controlling propagation of an electromagnetic wave, said apparatus comprising: a metamaterial having an array of cells, each cell containing a metallic structure having a resonant frequency; a plurality of devices integrated in the metamaterial, each of said devices being in electrical communication with a metallic structure in a cell in the array of cells; and a controller for electrically activating each of said plurality of devices to cause said resonant frequency to change, thereby causing at least one of a permeability and permittivity of the metamaterial to change.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of devices comprises a plurality of transistors.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of transistors comprises at least one pHEMT.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of devices comprises a diode.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to cause at least one electromagnetic parameter of the metamaterial to assume a negative value.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to modify an imaginary part of at least one electromagnetic parameter of the metamaterial.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to modify a real part of at least one electromagnetic parameter of the metamaterial.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to cause said resonant frequency to sweep across a range of values.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to dynamically vary a transmission coefficient of the metamaterial.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to cause modulation of a signal.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the controller is configured to cause amplitude modulation of a signal.

12. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the controller is configured to cause frequency modulation of a signal.

13. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the controller is configured to cause phase modulation of a signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the controller is configured to modulate a signal by frequency-shift keying.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metallic structures have a dimension that is within the terahertz range of wavelengths as measured in the metamaterial.

16. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a terahertz source configured to illuminate said metamaterial.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 , further comprising a terahertz detector configured to receive terahertz waves that have passed through said metamaterial.

18. A method for manipulating an electromagnetic wave passing through a metamaterial having an array of cells, each of which contains a metallic structure having a resonant frequency and a plurality of devices integrated therein, each of said devices being in electrical communication with a metallic structure in one of said cells, said method comprising: causing an electromagnetic wave to propagate in said metamaterial; and each of a plurality of locations in the metamaterial, dynamically changing at least one of a permittivity and a permeability of the metamaterial by electrically activating each of said devices, thereby changing a resonant frequency of a corresponding metallic structure.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein changing at least one of the permittivity and permeability comprises dynamically changing a resonant frequency of a metallic structure embedded within the metamaterial.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein dynamically changing comprises dynamically tuning a resonant frequency of an LC circuit equivalent to a metallic structure embedded within the metamaterial.

21. The method of claim 18 , wherein dynamically changing comprises applying a gate current to a plurality of transistors, each of which is connected to a metallic structure within the metamaterial.

22. The method of claim 18 , wherein causing an electromagnetic wave to propagate comprises causing a terahertz wave to propagate in said metamaterial.

23. The method of claim 18 , wherein dynamically changing comprises causing one of said permittivity and permeability to become negative, thereby attenuating said electromagnetic wave.