Electrochromic devices and methods
A heat treated electrochromic device comprising an anodic complementary counter electrode layer comprised of a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide and lithium, which provides a high transmission in the fully intercalated state and which is capable of long term stability, is disclosed. Methods of making an electrochromic device comprising an anodic complementary counter electrode comprised of a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide are also disclosed.
1. An electrochromic device formed by a process comprising:
providing a plurality of layers including:
a first electrode comprising one of a cathodic electrochromic layer or an anodic counter electrode layer,
a second electrode comprising the other of the electrochromic layer or the anodic counter electrode layer,
an ion-conductor layer between the first and second electrodes,
a first conductive layer, and
a second conductive layer, the first and second electrodes and the ion-conductor layer being sandwiched between the first and second conductive layers, and the anodic counter electrode layer comprises a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide and lithium; and
heating the plurality of layers at a temperature ranging from 355° C. to about 500° C. to react the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide and lithium.
2. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer further comprises lithium.
3. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium is at least partially intercalated within the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide.
4. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium is present as a film at least partially coating a surface of the anodic counter electrode layer.
5. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein after heating, the anodic counter electrode layer comprises a composite of lithium tungsten oxide and nickel oxide.
6. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer consists essentially of the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide and lithium.
7. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein an amount of nickel in the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide ranges from about 15% to about 90% by weight of the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide.
8. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode is substantially crystalline.
9. An electrochromic device comprising:
a first electrode comprising one of a cathodic electrochromic layer or an anodic counter electrode layer,
a second electrode comprising the other of the electrochromic layer or the anodic counter electrode layer,
an ion-conductor layer between the first and second electrodes,
a first conductive layer, and
a second conductive layer, the first and second electrodes and the ion-conductor layer being sandwiched between the first and second conductive layers, and the anodic counter electrode layer comprises a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide including an admixture of amorphous nickel oxide and crystalline tungsten oxide,
wherein the amount of nickel in the mixed tungsten-nickel ranges from about 30% to about 90% by weight of the mixed tungsten-nickel.
10. The electrochromic device of claim 9 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer further comprises lithium.
11. The electrochromic device of claim 10 , wherein the counter electrode layer comprises a composite of lithium tungsten oxide and nickel oxide.
12. The electrochromic device of claim 10 , wherein the device is formed by a process comprising:
providing a plurality of layers including:
the first electrode;
the second electrode;
the ion-conductor layer;
the first conductive layer; and
the second conductive layer; and
heating the plurality of layers at a temperature ranging from 355° C. to about 500° C.
13. The electrochromic device of claim 12 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer comprises amorphous tungsten oxide.
14. The electrochromic device of claim 13 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer further comprises lithium.
15. The electrochromic device of claim 9 , wherein the device is formed by a process comprising:
providing a plurality of layers including:
the first electrode;
the second electrode;
the ion-conductor layer;
the first conductive layer; and
the second conductive layer; and
heating the plurality of layers.
16. An electrochromic device comprising:
a first electrode comprising one of a cathodic electrochromic layer or an anodic counter electrode layer,
a second electrode comprising the other of the electrochromic layer or the anodic counter electrode layer,
an ion-conductor layer between the first and second electrodes,
a first conductive layer, and
a second conductive layer, the first and second electrodes and the ion-conductor layer being sandwiched between the first and second conductive layers, and the anodic counter electrode layer comprises a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide and lithium,
wherein the amount of lithium in the anodic counter electrode is in excess of an amount that provides a maximum transmission through the counter electrode.
17. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the nickel oxide has a form Ni 2 O 3 and wherein the tungsten oxide has a form WO 3 .
18. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the lithium is at least partially intercalated within the mixed tungsten-nickel oxide.
19. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the lithium is present as a film at least partially coating a surface of the anodic counter electrode layer.
20. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the device is formed by a process comprising:
providing a plurality of layers including:
the first electrode;
the second electrode;
the ion-conductor layer;
the first conductive layer; and
the second conductive layer; and
heating the plurality of layers at a temperature ranging from 355° C. to about 500° C.
21. The electrochromic device of claim 20 , wherein the anodic counter electrode layer comprises a composite of lithium tungsten oxide and nickel oxide.
22. An electrochromic device comprising:
a first electrode comprising one of a cathodic electrochromic layer or a counter electrode layer,
a second electrode comprising the other of the electrochromic layer or the counter electrode layer,
an ion-conductor layer between the first and second electrodes,
a first conductive layer, and
a second conductive layer, the first and second electrodes and the ion-conductor layer being sandwiched between the first and second conductive layers, and
wherein the counter electrode layer includes an amount of lithium in excess of an amount that provides a maximum transmission through the counter electrode.
23. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein the amount of lithium in the counter electrode is 10% to 40% above the amount that provides a maximum transmission through the counter electrode.
24. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein at least one of the first and second conductive layers consists essentially of silver.
25. The electrochromic device of claim 24 , wherein the silver is substantially transparent.
26. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein at least one of the first and second conductive layers has a thickness ranging from about 5 nm to about 10,000 nm.
27. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein at least one of the first and second conductive layers has a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm.
28. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein the counter electrode layer comprises a mixed tungsten-nickel oxide.
29. The electrochromic device of claim 22 , wherein the counter electrode layer includes a composite of Li 2 WO 4 and Ni 2 O 3 .